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Policy design has returned as a central topic in public policy research. An important area of policy design study deals with effectively attaining desired policy outcomes by aligning goals and means to achieve policy design fit. So far, only a few empirical studies have explored the relationship between policy design fit and effectiveness. In this paper, we adopt the multilevel framework for policy design to determine which conditions of policy design fit—i.e., goal coherence, means consistency, and congruence of goals and means across policy levels—are necessary and/or sufficient for policy design effectiveness in the context of policy integration. To this end, we performed a qualitative comparative analysis of Dutch regional transport planning including all twelve provinces. Outcomes show no condition is necessary and two combinations of conditions are sufficient for effectiveness. The first sufficient combination confirms what the literature suggests, namely that policy design fit results in policy design effectiveness. The second indicates that the combination goal incoherence and incongruence of goals and means is sufficient for policy design effectiveness. An in-depth interpretation of this counterintuitive result leads to the conclusion that for achieving policy integration the supportive relationship between policy design fit and policy design effectiveness is less straightforward as theory suggests. Instead, results indicate there are varying degrees of coherence, consistency, and congruence that affect effectiveness in different ways. Furthermore, outcomes reveal that under specific circumstances a policy design may be effective in promoting desired policy integration even if it is incoherent, inconsistent, and/or incongruent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of foreign lubricants. In the article presented NLGI and DIN system classifications. The classification of oils and lubricants discussed by the difference between these systems and the peculiarities. Requirements for the quality of lubricants and oils presented according to the NLGI classification. The National Lubricating Grease Institute developed the NLGI classification of lubricants. NLGI developed the automotive oil quality category defined in ASTM D4950 "Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Oils" in collaboration with ASTM International and SAE International. NLGI classification includes the distribution of lubricants by consistency (viscosity or density) and quality categories. The operating temperature requirements and the field of application recommended for lubricants with different degrees of viscosity. The article presents considerable attention to DIN classification systems. The German standard DIN 51502-1990 established a single system for marking and identification of lubricants. The unified classification of lubricants by type, application, consistency, water resistance, maximum and minimum operating temperature, and type of additives included in the grease, allows you quickly and easily to select the lubricant for specific conditions of application, of the mechanism, identify all characteristics by labelling. The standard establishes the classification of lubricants depending on the areas of application, type of dispersion medium, the presence of anti-wear and antifriction additives, fillers, and takes into account their water resistance and temperature range of application. The range of aviation greases of foreign production quite fully are discussed in this paper. The analysis of lubricants of NYCO (France), AeroShell (Netherlands - Great Britain), Royco (United States of America), WEGO (Czech Republic), Expert Oil (Russian Federation) different companies and trademarks presented in this article. The most common and widespread aviation lubricants and their characteristics, operating parameters and endurance limits analyzed and presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The research support for Holland's concepts of consistency and differentiation has been equivocal (Nauta, 2010). To provide a reexamination of these concepts, a new method of operationalizing Holland's constructs of consistency and differentiation using the cosine fit function to the RIASEC score profile is proposed. The relation of these new indices to career certainty, congruence and the moderation of the congruence–certainty relation were examined in a sample of 118 college students (study 1). Support was found for the superiority of the cosine fit definitions of consistency and differentiation over the traditional representations. The cosine fit indices were further examined in a second study on 167 adults examining interest stability over 15years. The cosine fit indices of consistency and differentiation were related to both occupational stability over 15years and career satisfaction. The results suggest that the concepts of differentiation and consistency may still have merit but only with more exact methods of specification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we investigate attitude-behaviour inconsistency as well as the effect of social norms and other peer-related factors on the translation of attitudes into behaviour. We draw upon social psychological perspectives, in particular from the social identity approach. Data were used from two waves of 1385 secondary school students in the School Study of the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR). The results show that almost half of the respondents did not act in accordance with their previously measured attitudes on delinquency. Respondents who were exposed to an attitude-congruent social norm supportive of their own attitude reported significantly more attitude-consistent behaviour than respondents who were exposed to an incongruent norm. The effect of normative support was significantly moderated by attachment to peers but not by time spent with peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2 experiments, the authors tested the effect of 2 types of reading on the spelling memory of strange or sound-spelling inconsistent words in Dutch students with and without learning disabilities: standard reading and regularized reading. Standard reading refers to reading the word the way it has to be read. Regularized reading refers to reading a sound-spelling inconsistent word as if it is sound-spelling consistent. In Experiment 1, both groups showed a short-term effect. Shortly after training, all students who participated in the regularized-reading condition showed better spelling performance than students who took part in a standard-reading condition. One week after training, spelling knowledge of students without learning disabilities appeared to be more stable than that of students with learning disabilities. In Experiment 2, only students with learning disabilities participated. The results reveal that more training substantially enhanced spelling performance in the long term, and repetition of the regularized word was even more effective. A recurrent network account served as the guiding principle to explain the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial role in the external postmortem examination system of the Netherlands is that of the attending physicians, who are either general practitioners or physicians in hospitals. They perform 85% of all external postmortem examinations and must immediately report to forensic physicians all unnatural deaths and deaths that they are not convinced to be natural. These attending physicians need therefore to be properly qualified and need to be competent, by acting consistently and by having knowledge of the appropriate laws surrounding external postmortem examination. The aim of this study is to analyse the competence of the attending physicians in hospital settings. This research studied whether they regard themselves as competent, whether they had knowledge of and acted according to the appropriate laws, and whether they acted consistently in following the procedures around external postmortem examinations. A survey was conducted among clinicians. After discarding 23 questionnaires for various reasons, 326 datasets remained on which the research was based. There was no significant difference between the medical specialists (79%) and the residents and fellows (86%) in their feeling of being competent in undertaking external postmortem examinations. The answers of the respondents showed at least one inconsistency in 54%. Of the respondents 34% were considered as to have knowledge of relevant laws. Of the respondents 21% felt competent, was consistent in all their answers and scored a 100% on legal knowledge. The study showed that though a physician might feel competent, this does not mean he actually is competent in performing an external postmortem examination. Furthermore, the extent of a respondents' ignorance of the appropriate laws and the inconsistency in acts and thoughts is undermining the system of postmortem examination., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Childhood obesity is an important public health issue influenced by both personal and environmental factors. The childcare setting plays an important role in children's energy balance-related behaviours (EBRB), such as physical activity, sedentary behaviour and healthy nutrition. This study aimed to explore facilitators and barriers of healthy EBRB in childcare in a comprehensive way, from the perspective of three crucial stakeholders: childcare managers, childcare workers and parents. A qualitative study was performed using semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was performed using the 'Environmental Research framework for weight Gain prevention' (EnRG framework) to guide the analysis. Forty-eight interviews were held with a total of 65 participants (9 childcare managers, 23 childcare workers and 33 parents). Influential factors in all types of environment (physical, sociocultural, economic and political) were mentioned. Although a need for change was not always expressed, the interviews revealed opportunities for improvement of healthy EBRB in childcare. These opportunities were related to the sociocultural, physical and political environment. Childcare workers and managers expressed an influence of the home setting on the childcare setting, resulting in a need for more congruence between these settings. There are opportunities for improvement in the childcare setting to promote healthy EBRB in young children in the Netherlands. It appears important to align intervention components between the childcare and home setting.

Background: Consistency of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus is incompletely known and the clinical course may vary between patients., Aims: To evaluate the consistency of high-grade dysplasia diagnosis in a Dutch nationwide cohort and to identify predictors for (re-)detecting high-grade dysplasia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma when ≥ 1 follow-up evaluations after an initial high-grade dysplasia diagnosis were scored with a lower histological grade., Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, all patients diagnosed with high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus between 1999 and 2008 in the Netherlands were selected using the nationwide histopathology registry. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors for (re-)detecting high-grade dysplasia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with ≥ 1 follow-up evaluations scored with a lower grade., Results: In total, 512 high-grade dysplasia patients were included, of whom 53% had ≥ 1 follow-up evaluations scored with a lower grade. The (re-)detection risk was increased when follow-up was performed in a university hospital and when endoscopic/surgical resection was performed and decreased with an increasing number of follow-up evaluations scored with a lower grade., Conclusion: High-grade dysplasia diagnosis was inconsistent in more than half of patients. (Endoscopic) resection in an expert centre is recommended to (re-)detect high-grade dysplasia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma when an endoscopic follow-up protocol with biopsies repeatedly shows a lower histological grade., (Copyright © 2013 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)