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Objectives: It is now recognized that blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage occurs in cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) and plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of vascular dementia. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms of junctional adhesion molecule‐A (JAM‐A) (which may result in compromised structure of tight junction proteins that form the BBB) in combination with cerebrovascular risk factors hypertension, lipid disorders, and type 2 diabetes may result in BBB leakage and increase the individual's risk of CSVD‐related dementia. Methods: In this case–control study, 97 controls with a mean Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE) score of 29 and 38 CSVD‐related vascular dementia participants (mean MMSE score of 19) were recruited. Bloods were collected for the analysis of two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the JAM‐A genotypes rs790056 and rs2481084 using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes was collected for all participants. Results: Polymorphisms of genotype JAM‐A SNP rs790056 showed statistically significant result when the subgroup with hyperlipidemia was analyzed (OR = 3.130, p = 0.042 for TC + CC genotypes with hyperlipidaemia vs controls). Similar result was found with diabetes (OR = 4.670, p = 0.031 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls). No significant result was found with hypertension. Borderline results of statistical significance were found for JAM‐A SNP rs2481084 with hyperlipidemia (OR = 3.210, p = 0.054 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls) and with diabetes (OR = 3.620, p = 0.069 for TC + CC genotypes vs controls) but not for hypertension. The borderline results might have been due to lack of statistical power because of small sample size. Conclusions: These results lend further support that cerebrovascular risk factors interact with genetic polymorphisms of BBB proteins to increase the risk of vascular dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Inpatient falls complicate and lengthen hospital admissions for older adults. Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for falls. Current fall prevention education is ineffective for people with cognitive impairment. We aimed to investigate whether an educational video is a better mode of delivery than verbal education for individuals with cognitive impairment in terms of recall and fall prevention. Methods: In a randomised controlled trial, patients were assigned at random to receive fall prevention education either verbally or through an educational video. The co-primary outcomes were recall at 1 day and number of falls. Results: Of 21 and 31 participants assigned to receive video education (intervention) and verbal education (active comparator), respectively, 19 and 31 completed the study, respectively. The percentage of participants who recalled the fall prevention message was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the active comparator group (31.5% [6/19] vs 9.7% [3/31], p=0.03). There was no significant difference in the fall rate between groups. Conclusion: Fall prevention education delivered using a video may be better retained by individuals with cognitive impairment when compared with the standard practice of verbal fall prevention education. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]