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The objective of this study is to measure the effectiveness of three commonly used changeable message sign (CMS) messages in reducing vehicular speeds and variances in highway work zones. This paper presents the results of a field study conducted on Interstate-90 in western New York State to evaluate the use of three different types of messages displayed on a CMS, as a speed control measure. The study included speed measurements of nearly 180,000 vehicles. The three types of CMS messages tested were: (1) RIGHT|LANE|CLOSED∼KEEP|LEFT; (2) WORK ZONE|MAX SPEED|45 MPH∼BE|PREPARED|TO STOP; and (3) LEFT|LANE|CLOSED∼KEEP|RIGHT. Of the three CMS messages tested, the CMS message stating “WORK ZONE|MAX SPEED|45 MPH∼BE|PREPARED|TO STOP” proved the most effective, significantly reducing vehicle speeds by 3.3–6.7 mi/h(5.3–10.8 km/h). The other two CMS messages were not as effective. The standard deviation of speed for the CMS message: WORK ZONE|MAX SPEED|45 MPH∼BE|PREPARED|TO STOP increased by 1.1–1.7 mi/h(1.8–2.7 km/h) in the driving lane and 0.2–2.0 mi/h(0.3–3.2 km/h) in the passing lane. The speed variances for the other two CMS messages ranged from -2.00 to 1.13 mi/h (from -3.23 km/h to 1.83 km/h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine whether sleep duration was associated with incident-impaired fasting glucose (IFG) over 6 years of follow-up in the Western New York Health Study. Methods: Participants (N = 1,455, 68% response rate) who were free of type 2 diabetes and known cardiovascular disease at baseline (1996–2001) were reexamined in the period 2003–2004. A nested case-control study was conducted. Cases had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) less than 100 mg/dL at baseline and 100 to 125 mg/dL at follow-up: controls (n = 272) had FPG less than 100 mg/dL at both exams. Cases (n = 91) were individually matched to three controls (n = 272) on sex, race, and year of study enrollment. Average sleep duration was categorized as short (<6 hours), mid-range (6 to 8 hours), and long (>8 hours). Results: In multivariate conditional logistic regression after adjustment for several diabetes risk factors, the odds ratio (OR) of IFG among short sleepers was 3.0 (95% confidence limit [CL]: 1.05, 8.59) compared to mid-range sleepers. There was no association between long sleep and IFG: OR 1.6 (95% CL: 0.45, 5.42). Adjustment for insulin resistance attenuated the association only among short sleepers: OR 2.5 (95% CL: 0.83, 7.46). Conclusions: Short sleep duration was associated with an elevated risk of IFG. Insulin resistance appears to mediate this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]