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Makgeolli is a traditional alcoholic beverage in Korea; however, research on makgeolli is limited in foreign markets such as New Zealand. This study seeks to identify sensory descriptors that best describe makgeolli among New Zealand consumers. Four methods of making makgeolli have been identified based on different processing times and the number of fermentation stages. Chemical analysis and sensory evaluation were carried out to establish the different sensory and flavor properties of the four different makgeolli samples. Chemical analysis using SPME–GC–MS was employed to understand the volatile compounds present in the four makgeolli samples, while two sensory tests were carried out simultaneously using Check‐All‐That‐Apply (CATA) and Just‐About‐Right (JAR). A total of 45 volatile compounds were identified using SPME–GC–MS, and examples of major volatiles include 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (alcoholic flavor), limonene (citrus‐like flavor), and hexanal (green/grass‐like flavor). One hundred and twenty‐nine subjects (n = 68 females) completed the sensory evaluation and were analyzed for this study. Female subjects tend to rate overall acceptance of makgeolli higher than male subjects; both subjects preferred 1SF‐YN with the highest mean hedonic score, and the least preferred makgeolli was 1SF‐N. From CATA, attributes such as apple, apricot, peach, sweet taste, and bubbly texture were statistically significant when describing makgeolli. For JAR, a high proportion of subjects indicated that sourness was too much in three of the four makgeolli samples. Practical Application: Research on rice wine in Western markets such as New Zealand is limited, and this study gives insight into how New Zealand consumers perceive Korean rice wine (makgeolli). Sensory participants in this study indicated that makgeolli is too sour and lacks sufficient sweetness in the majority of the samples examined. When launching makgeolli to the New Zealand market, practitioners need to optimize sweetness and reduce sourness to increase overall liking. Sensory terms used by subjects describing makgeolli include cider, apple, and sour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication about death is often a sensitive topic in families with children. The present studied compared answers of 141 school children aged 5-7 to questions about death, and their caregivers' predictions. Children were interviewed, and caregivers answered on paper, questions on inevitability, applicability, irreversibility, cessation, causation, and personal mortality. For causation, cessation, and irreversibility, children were significantly more correct than caregivers expected, and girls were more correct on applicability. Communicating with children about death may not always be as caregivers expect. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

By examining the different methods and processes by which national data gathering agencies compile and submit their findings to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the authors (1) assess the methodological challenges of accurately reporting tertiary completion and graduation rates cross-nationally; (2) to examine the incongruence of existing internationally comparative data on tertiary completion, particularly within the OECD; and (3) to offer policy recommendations for increasing the congruence and comparability of U.S. higher education data with that of other OECD countries (and the rest of the world). (Contains 5 tables, 3 figures, and 4 footnotes.)

As a result of a number of government reports, there have been numerous systemic changes in Indigenous education in Australia revolving around the importance of partnerships with the community. A forum with our local Dubbo community established the importance of working together and developed a model which placed the child in an ecological perspective that particularly noted the role of Elders and the place of the child in the family. However, there was also the issue of curriculum and mathematics education to be addressed. It was recognised that a colonised curriculum reduces the vision of what might be the potential for Indigenous mathematics education. This paper reports on the sharing that developed between our local community and some researchers and teachers from Sweden, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand. It has implications for recognising the impact of testing regimes, the teaching space, understanding the ways children learn, the curriculum, and teacher education. As a result of these discussions, a critical pedagogy that considers culture and place is presented as an ecocultural perspective on mathematics education. This perspective was seen as critical for the curriculum and learning experiences of Indigenous children.

Stream bank erosion has been anecdotally identified as an important source of sediment in New Zealand catchments, however, there have been few attempts to quantify its contribution. Here we use a radionuclide-based sediment tracing approach to determine the relative contribution of stream bank- and hillslope-derived sediment within three catchments in the upper North Island of New Zealand. Both lithogenic (radium-226 and radium-228) and fallout radionuclides (caesium-137 and excess lead-210) were used to differentiate sediment derived from stream bank and hillslope sources. The relative contribution of stream banks and hillslopes to fluvially transported suspended sediment were predicted using a mixing model approach. Our results indicate that both fallout and lithogenic radionuclides provide good source differentiation. We demonstrate that stream bank erosion can contribute very high proportions of sediment within New Zealand catchments. We used independent assessments of bank erosion from each of the study catchments to support the sediment source fingerprinting results. Further work is required to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the contribution of sediment from stream banks. Information on the importance of different sediment sources is needed to target limited catchment rehabilitation resources where they will have the most impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of pediatric type 1 diabetes over 50 years in Canterbury, New Zealand. Further, to explore variation in case presentation according to age, gender, ethnicity, urban/rural character, socio‐economic deprivation and immunogenetic features. Research Design and Methods: Prospective ascertainment of cases commenced in 1982, and incident cases presenting 1970–1982 were ascertained retrospectively from clinical records. Eligibility criteria included diagnosis of type 1 diabetes by a physician and commencement of insulin therapy at diagnosis and age less than 15 years. Data collection included name, hospital number, date of birth, date of diagnosis, and date of initiation of insulin treatment. Full address at diagnosis was assigned an urban–rural classification, and a deprivation score. HLA‐DQ susceptibility alleles and diabetes associated autoantibodies were determined. Results: The incidence of type 1 diabetes increased more than 5‐fold (3.9% per annum) over 50 years for the entire cohort. The mean for 5‐year periods, starting from 1970, increased from 5.3 to 29.0 cases per 100,000 person years. Incidence was greatest in the 10–14 year age group. The cohort is predominantly European (89.4%), but there has been an increase in cases identifying as New Zealand Māori in the last three decades. Weak evidence was found for reduced incidence of type 1 diabetes in rural regions (adjusted IRR = 0.70, 95%CI 0.52 to 0.91, p = 0.011). Conclusions: The incidence of type 1 diabetes in children aged less than 15 years continues to increase with time. Incidence was significantly affected by age, ethnicity, and urban/rural characterization of address at diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is written by the members of the Children, Youth and Environments Working Group of the Sustainable Cities and Landscapes Research Hub of the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, which at present includes members from Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. We use six spheres of experience that characterize the typical contexts of young people's daily lives to identify their lived environmental experiences in our four countries, as created by the ongoing political and health responses to COVID-19. We discuss both the positive and negative impacts of COVID-19 in these spheres and identify areas for learning from these outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pselaphotumulus Owens and Carlton, gen. nov., is described as the sixth genus in the tribe Pselaphini known from New Zealand. Three new species are described: Pselaphotumulus aorerei, sp. nov., Pselaphotumulus dubius, sp. nov. and Pselaphotumulus unus, sp. nov.. Three species, Pselaphus cavelli (Broun 1893), Pselaphus oviceps (Broun 1917) and Pselaphus urquharti (Broun 1917) are transferred to Pselaphotumulus, nov. combs. Lectotypes from type series in the New Zealand Broun Collection (Natural History Museum, London) are designated for these three species. Habitus photographs, distributional maps and line drawings of diagnostic characters are provided for each species. A key to species is provided. Searches of museum collections have not yielded representatives outside of New Zealand, suggesting that this is the first endemic genus in the tribe Pselaphini described from the New Zealand's main islands, specifically, the South Island. Pselaphotumulus species exhibit restricted distribution patterns that approximately coincide with the Pacific/Indo Australian Plate boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assisted dying although illegal in New Zealand, is often in the spotlight and surrounded by much debate. Moreover, while sentencing may take into account the motivation (ending of suffering) of those who assist, this is done on a case-by-case basis, with the process and resulting punishment extremely taxing on the offender psychologically, physically and emotionally. The present study explored the personal experiences of family members who had assisted with the death of a loved one and resulting consequences (legal, emotional, psychological). The goal was to explore how someone made sense of their personal experience with assisted dying. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three participants. Findings suggest that the act of assisted dying was motivated primarily by altruistic reasons, driven by empathy and compassion towards a suffering loved one. The act of assisted dying resulted in unforeseeable life-changing events such as imprisonment, activism for legalisation of euthanasia, and loss of significant relationships. The overall experience was characterised by coping strategies, predominantly negative emotional states, and a deliberate defiance of established legal and medical systems. Participants represented a sub-group of altruistic offenders. Findings draw attention to the four principles of medical ethics - autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice in relation to assisted dying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that health-promoting storylines in developed nations' fictional television programs can have a beneficial impact on viewers' beliefs, attitudes, intentions, or behaviors. The sizes of the effects are generally modest; however, the audience reach is substantial. Given thatmany fictional programs may hold the prolonged attention of millions of viewers, it is of value to examine potential strategies for enhancing the persuasive impact of their health-promoting storylines. Complementary public service announcementsmay be a promising strategy. This randomized experimental study (N = 310) examined the effects of viewing a complementary public service announcement after an organ donation story in an episode of Grey's Anatomy. Results indicated that the public service announcement enhanced the beneficial impact of the story on viewers' discussion behavior (about one's organ donor wishes), discussion intention, and perceived learning. This experimental study is the first to examine the effects of viewing a non-character public service announcement after a health-related storyline in a developed nation's fictional program compared to viewing the same episode of the program on its own. It is important for future research to examine whether these findings replicate for different health issues and with a nationally representative sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storylines in fictional television programs may be an effective medium for health-promoting messages. This randomized pretest-posttest (N = 111) with follow-up (n = 71) study examined the persuasive impact of an alcohol poisoning story in the program ER on viewers' drinking-related beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. The perception of persuasive intent is theorized to be a key factor influencing a narrative's impact; therefore, this study also examined the influence of perceived persuasive intent on viewing outcomes. Viewing group participants were asked to view a specific upcoming episode of ER when it was first scheduled to air on national television in New Zealand. The results suggest that the alcohol poisoning story had a beneficial impact on viewers' drinking-related beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. Perceived persuasive intent was not a significant predictor of viewing outcomes. This study is the first randomized experiment that has used a live-to-air stimulus to examine the impact of a healthpromoting storyline in a fictional television program that has been created and broadcast in a developed nation. The significant effects found at post-viewing and follow-up provide further empirical support to the existing experimental literature, with enhanced ecological validity, for the potential positive impact of health-promoting storylines in fictional television programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of providing antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice on neonatal anthropometry, and to determine the inter-observer variability in obtaining anthropometric measurements.Design: Randomised controlled trial.Setting: Public maternity hospitals across metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia.Population: Pregnant women with a singleton gestation between 10(+0) and 20(+0) weeks, and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m(2).Methods: Women were randomised to either Lifestyle Advice (comprehensive dietary and lifestyle intervention over the course of pregnancy including dietary, exercise and behavioural strategies, delivered by a research dietician and research assistants) or continued Standard Care. Analyses were conducted using intention-to-treat principles.Main Outcome Measures: Secondary outcome measures for the trial included assessment of infant body composition using body circumference and skinfold thickness measurements (SFTM), percentage body fat, and bio-impedance analysis of fat-free mass.Results: Anthropometric measurements were obtained from 970 neonates (488 Lifestyle Advice Group, and 482 Standard Care Group). In 394 of these neonates (215 Lifestyle Advice Group, and 179 Standard Care Group) bio-impedance analysis was also obtained. There were no statistically significant differences identified between those neonates born to women receiving Lifestyle Advice and those receiving Standard Care, in terms of body circumference measures, SFTM, percentage body fat, fat mass, or fat-free mass. The intra-class correlation coefficient for SFTM was moderate to excellent (0.55-0.88).Conclusions: Among neonates born to women who are overweight or obese, anthropometric measures of body composition were not modified by an antenatal dietary and lifestyle intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The experiences of young people who have siblings with life-limiting illnesses are not well understood. Aim: The study proposed to identify the concerns of siblings of pediatric palliative care (PPC) patients. Design and Measurement: Semistructured interviews were administered to participants and analyzed using qualitative inductive thematic analysis. Setting and Participants: Study subjects were 18 siblings of PPC patients aged 9 to 22 living in the Auckland area. Results: The siblings of PPC patients held concerns about their siblings' impending death and desires to be involved in their lives and care. Conclusions: Siblings may benefit from opportunities to be involved in conversations about mortality and the care of their ill sibling. They are able to express their concerns and help provide care to PPC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication about the end of a child's life is highly sensitive. Although children may be aware of their prognoses when they are dying, primary caregivers do not always acknowledge the impending deaths to them. How primary caregivers communicate (or avoid communicating) with their children who nave life-limiting illnesses about their (or their siblings') illness and impending death may be determined by several factors. A qualitative, semistructured interview study of 19 bereaved and nonbereaved primary caregivers of pediatric patients in palliative care was conducted and interpreted using inductive thematic analysis. Primary caregivers offer various reasons for discussing or refraining from discussion with their children that relate to preparing and protecting them. Primary caregivers communicate with their children about death to prepare them (by acknowledging, enabling, and teaching) or avoid the topic to protect them (and their relationships, emotions, and perceptions). When deciding whether to open discussions about their child's impending death, caregivers draw on parenting skills that parallel those developed while making other decisions for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on debris-flow deposit structure typically reports little to no visually discernible stratigraphy. The preliminary findings presented here provide evidence for more complex internal deposit architecture with inverse grading and subunits thought to reflect individual flow surges. Ground-penetrating radar surveys, geospatial data and field observations are used to describe 10 subunits traceable over the 14 lateral radargrams imaging the lower 38 m of the deposit. Additional subunits are depicted further upslope in a longitudinal transect. As well as demonstrating the need for continued investigation of deposit architecture using non-traditional techniques, these results may help improve future interpretations of post-event deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric palliative care (PPC) is a family-centered method of caring for young patients with life-limiting illnesses. A qualitative study of caregivers' communication with their children aged 3.5 years to 18 years was conducted using semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Nineteen caregivers living in the Auckland area participated. Interviews focused on the topic of whether to talk with children about their (and their brothers or sisters) illness and possible impending death. Although this research set out to explore how primary caregivers communicate with their children about their impending mortality, many other experiences arose from the interviews. Topics which arose from those living with their children who have life-limiting illnesses were transcribed and analyzed here. Caregivers face a number of common challenges and concerns during and after caring for a child receiving PPC which are related to much more than their children's impending deaths. Inductive thematic analysis revealed several other themes which arose spontaneously from the data. These themes related to the assistance of professional organizations and medics, the support of family members, the Internet as a research tool, regrets, and discrimination on the basis of disability. Health professionals and people who support families undergoing the process of caring for a child receiving PPC may assist caregivers by addressing the mentioned concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1971-2000 average annual precipitation distribution has been prepared for the Lake Pukaki catchment using a combination of new and historical precipitation observations. The distribution was prepared using repeatable objective interpolation and is able to be updated as new precipitation observations are made. With inclusion of undercatch assessments, the distribution indicates over 15 m of precipitation falls in the north west region of the catchment. The new distribution leads to a catchment-wide 1971-2000 mean annual precipitation of 3400 mm yr-1 which is within the error range of the water-balance derived precipitation estimate of 3600 +/- 500 mm yr-1. A strong horizontal gradient of precipitation exists over the catchment, similar to, but not as steep, as a previous 1951-1980 distribution estimate. The new observations with which this distribution was constrained in the upper catchment gave mean annual precipitation estimates in excess of any previous measurements made in an east coast New Zealand catchment, and are equivalent to the highest precipitation observations made anywhere in New Zealand [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korean society highly values personal appearance. Given the established links between perfectionism and eating disorders in Western countries, the present project investigated such links and the extent to which these were moderated by the acculturation patterns of the participants. Korean immigrants to New Zealand ( N = 123) completed measures of perfectionism, ethnic identity, eating disorders, and social desirability. Positive and negative perfectionism were associated with eating-disorder symptoms. For males, but not females, negative perfectionism was more strongly associated with increased body satisfaction only among those who identified strongly as Korean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sixteen morphometric and vegetation cover variables associated with 32 debris-flow and 28 fluvial fans and their basins in the schist ranges of the Southern Alps of New Zealand are examined. The results show statistically significant differences in the area, length, planimetric shape, relief ratio, Melton''s ruggedness (R), and forest and total vegetation cover between debris-flow and fluvial basins, and in the apex and toe elevations, area, and upper and average axial gradients between debris-flow and fluvial fans. All of these variables except the apex and toe elevations of the fans reflect differences between debris-flow and fluvial processes and environmental controls on them. Discriminant analysis indicates that the relief ratio and Melton''s R of the basin and upper and average gradients of the fan axis are able to correctly classify debris-flow and fluvial fans, with almost equally good results obtained by employing only a pair of variables: either basin relief ratio and upper fan gradient or basin Melton''s R and basin shape. The lower thresholds at debris-flow sites and upper thresholds at fluvial sites for the relief ratio and Melton''s R of the basin and upper and average gradients of the fan are identified, and these as well as the mean values of these variables show significant differences from fans in nearby sedimentary ranges of the Southern Alps with important implications for the assessment of debris-flow hazard on fans. Fan gradient is found to be closely associated with basin size (area and length) at debris-flow sites, but with basin ruggedness (relief ratio) at fluvial sites. Both fan types show a weak association between their size and the size of the contributing basin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article provides a derailed analysis of the meaning of "competition" in New Zealand under the Commerce Act 1986, and in Australia under the Trade Practices Act 1974. It expresses the view that what competition means is the absence of market power to set prices or other terms and conditions of trade, and that such absence of market power can result from constraints imposed by either rivals or customers. It challenges the contention that an increase in price or a decrease in output in a market is enough to indicate a decrease in competition. A more accurate test of whether competition has been lessened in a market does not depend on these outcomes but rather on the level of rivalry between market participants and constraints on their ability to set trading terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood and mass movements originating from glacial environments are particularly devastating in populated mountain regions of the world, but in the remote Mount Cook region of New Zealand's Southern Alps minimal attention has been given to these processes. Glacial environments are characterized by high mass turnover and combined with changing climatic conditions, potential problems and process interactions can evolve rapidly. Remote sensing based terrain mapping, geographic information systems and flow path modelling are integrated here to explore the extent of ice avalanche, debris flow and lake flood hazard potential in the Mount Cook region. Numerous proglacial lakes have formed during recent decades, but well vegetated, low gradient outlet areas suggest catastrophic dam failure and flooding is unlikely. However, potential impacts from incoming mass movements of ice, debris or rock could lead to dam overtopping, particularly where lakes are forming directly beneath steep slopes. Physically based numerical modeling with RAMMS was introduced for local scale analyses of rock avalanche events, and was shown to be a useful tool for establishing accurate flow path dynamics and estimating potential event magnitudes. Potential debris flows originating from steep moraine and talus slopes can reach road and built infrastructure when worst-case runout distances are considered, while potential effects from ice avalanches are limited to walking tracks and alpine huts located in close proximity to initiation zones of steep ice. Further local scale studies of these processes are required, leading towards a full hazard assessment, and changing glacial conditions over coming decades will necessitate ongoing monitoring and reassessment of initiation zones and potential impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article details a study on the use of glacier hydraulic potential theory and empirical dye tracing experiments to investigate the structure and morphology of the subglacial drainage system at Brewster Glacier in New Zealand. It explains the changes in the drainage system of the glacier during the summer melt season as well as discusses the transition of the meltwater to more hydraulically efficient drainage operating flow. The author also notes that the observations in Brewster Glacier is common to other glacial drainage systems.

Hazards originating within glacial environments have received limited attention in New Zealand. In view of rapidly changing environmental conditions and the need for ongoing monitoring, overseas studies have recognised the importance of remote sensing procedures to support related hazard investigations. The initial goal for regional hazard studies is the identification of potential source areas on the basis of terrain analyses. Following a review of remotely sensed imagery and its application in glacial studies, several methods are applied here to map glacial ice, lakes, and debris accumulations in the Mount Cook region of New Zealand using freely available ASTER imagery. A new method for mapping turbid and clear water glacial lakes is presented, and the first application of a method for mapping debris accumulations at the regional scale appears promising for debris flow hazard investigations. Analyses of terrain changes reveal that a 20% expansion in lake area has continued over recent years, increasing the hazard potential from mass movement induced outburst flooding. A framework for the assessment of hazard potential in the region is introduced, requiring the integration of terrain analyses presented here with permafrost distribution modelling, geological mapping, and topographic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three hundred and one Chinese drawn from the University of Auckland and local communities in New Zealand completed an anonymous questionnaire consisting of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS), the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) and the short form of the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS). Negative Perfectionism significantly predicted more eating disorder symptoms as measured by the EDI. A strong positive evaluation of other ethnic groups together with high Positive Perfectionism predicted lower body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, whereas the opposite was true for a more negative evaluation of other groups and high Positive Perfectionism. A strong sense of belonging and attachment towards the Chinese culture and valuing other ethnic groups were found to mediate the relationship between Positive Perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms, predicting a lower sense of interpersonal distrust. Immigrant Chinese showed better adaptation with strong ethnic attachment as well as valuing the mainstream culture. Results also suggest that promoting Positive Perfectionism together with strong ethnic identification and values towards the mainstream culture may be advantageous to Chinese immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Classification trees were trained to determine periods of significant avalanche activity in terms of an avalanche day, based on meteorological parameters for the Milford Road, Fiordland, New Zealand. Using a 10 year data set of meteorological parameters and over 1800 individual avalanche occurrences from the Transit New Zealand Milford Road Avalanche Programme we have described and statistically explored this avalanche regime and the relationship between storm and avalanche activity in this extreme climatic region. The Milford Road is located in the south western corner of New Zealand and is dominated by a maritime climate delivering in excess of 8 m water equivalent per year in precipitation, while winter storms can deposit up to 2 m of snow in one storm. As the avalanche climate is dominated by direct action avalanching, the meteorological parameters up to a maximum of 72 h preceding a significant avalanche period were examined. Standard meteorological parameters including air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and direction, snow depth and precipitation were obtained from two automatic weather stations located in the starting zone and at road level. These parameters as well as two derived wind drift parameters were used as the variables for predicting the avalanche days. Two 10 fold cross validated classification trees were created, and suggested for use in forecasting. The classification tree with highest accuracy of 85% predicted avalanche days less well at 79%. An alternative tree using only wind speed and wind speed and precipitation combined in a temperature sensitive wind drift parameter resulted in a lower overall accuracy of 78%, but permitted a higher rate of correct prediction for avalanche days at 86%. The alternative, more conservative tree also reduced the number of false negative cases (observed as avalanche days, but predicted as non-avalanche days) from 31 to 20 at a cost of increasing the false positive or false alarm rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper investigates the magnitude and causes of spatial variability of surface radiative fluxes in a complex alpine landscape in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Radiative flux components are simulated for the Tekapo watershed at 100-m resolution for clear-sky summer days, using a surface radiation budget model in conjunction with satellite imagery and topographic modeling to derive surface parameters. Overall, the model results agree well with observations made at a range of sites, with shortwave fluxes simulated more accurately than longwave fluxes. Sensitivity studies were conducted to isolate the role of spatial variability of surface characteristics in generating variance in the radiation budget. In order of most to least important, these characteristics were found to be slope aspect, slope angle, elevation, albedo, shading, sky view factor, and leaf area index. Spatial variability was greatest in midmorning and midafternoon, as a function of optical depth. The role of landscape complexity in the spatial distribution of fluxes was investigated by considering three subareas of the watershed that contain strongly contrasting scales of autocorrelation of topography and surface cover. Increase in topographical complexity yielded a small decrease in spatial average net radiation and a large increase in spatial standard deviation, driven most significantly by incident shortwave radiation. The regional averages scaled more or less linearly, whereas subregional-scale spatial variability differed dramatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on business success stories in Otago, New Zealand. Development in education and health; Expansion in the industries of biotechnology, engineering and timber processing; Inflation in the business activity in all sectors.

Abstract: The glaciers and snowfields of the Southern Alps of New Zealand are the most significant in the Southern Hemisphere outside Antarctica and South America. The most substantial data on Southern Hemisphere glacier fluctuations come from New Zealand. The nature and behaviour of New Zealand’s glaciers are also of wider scientific interest, because they are highly sensitive, high input-output systems that represent the temperate, maritime end of the glacier process-behaviour continuum. The areal extent and volume of glaciers and snow are outlined and an assessment is made of their scientific relevance and of their importance as resources and hazards. The main themes and progress of research on glaciers and snow, including snow avalanches, are reviewed. Glacier research has concentrated on only a few key glaciers and has focused on understanding glacier change. Main topics covered in this review relate to this focus and include fluctuations in termini, other mass balance signals and response to climate variability. Research on mass balance processes, glacier dynamics and glacier hydrology is also outlined. Seasonal snow has received less attention until recently. The main emphasis has been on quantification and past variability and its contribution to river flow, particularly in the most important hydroelectric power catchments of the South Island. Some field measurements have been made of the energy balance over snow. Research on snow avalanches has grown as the demands of winter recreation and alpine tourism have increased the hazard. Research first concentrated on production of avalanche atlases for the most hazardous areas and on quantifying the nature of the hazard. Subsequently, there has been a shift towards more process studies that are related to avalanche formation and runout distance. The main gaps in research on glaciers and snow are identified and key areas for future work proposed. There is an urgent need, in particular, for glacier mass-balance measurements. Extensive data on snow structure need to be synthesized. Satellite imagery should be used for monitoring of seasonal snow. Snow melt during northwest storms needs to be better defined. A more developed engineering approach is required for the study of snow avalanches. New Zealand offers exciting possibilities for the study of cryospheric processes, including response to future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landforms of ice and debris transport marginal to the glacierized zone of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, have been classified into debris-covered glaciers, cirque floor lobes, and talus-derived rock glaciers. Mapping of fossil and active landforms reveals a zonation within the Ben Ohau Range in terms of both landform type and activity status. The dominant distinction of active forms is between relatively ice-rich forms (glacial origins) in the humid north and relatively debris-rich forms (periglacial origins) in the more arid south. A secondary altitudinal zonation distinguishes currently or recently active forms at high elevations from fossil forms at lower elevations. Estimates of mean annual precipitation and of the altitude of the –2°C mean annual isotherm indicate that glaciers and active talus rock glaciers are located within the climatic boundaries identified for the European Alps. However, many fossil forms also occur within these boundaries where cirques are broader and shallower. These findings confirm earlier suggestions that permafrost occurs in the Southern Alps, but is restricted to a narrow zone above 2000 m. The study demonstrates the importance of relative ice-to-debris fluxes in determining the developmental pathways of landform genesis over both space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the heating and cooling of the atmospheric boundary layer in Lake Tekapo, New Zealand. Causes of differential heating of air inside and outside of a basin; Spatial pattern of daily total surface sensible heat flux; Analysis of the heat budget associated with airflow within the mountain basin; Topographical influences on heat budget and its spatial variability.

Focuses on the impact of aquaculture industry on the economy in New Zealand. Establishment of ocean based blue pearl farm; Improvements on the exports earnings in the industry; Reduction on the risk involved in farming.