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While ChatGPT has recently become very popular, AI has a long history and philosophy. This paper intends to explore the promises and pitfalls of the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) AI and potentially future technologies by adopting a speculative methodology. Speculative future narratives with a specific focus on educational contexts are provided in an attempt to identify emerging themes and discuss their implications for education in the 21st century. Affordances of (using) AI in Education (AIEd) and possible adverse effects are identified and discussed which emerge from the narratives. It is argued that now is the best of times to define human vs AI contribution to education because AI can accomplish more and more educational activities that used to be the prerogative of human educators. Therefore, it is imperative to rethink the respective roles of technology and human educators in education with a future-oriented mindset.

Little is known about how New Zealand men understand their health and wellbeing as they age and what are the determinants of their healthy ageing. Contiguous and exploratory sequential mixed methods study were conducted with the collection of both focus group and survey data. Methodologically, this abductive process was incorporated within an intersectional framework, providing a comprehensive picture of healthy aging in men across life stages and socioeconomic statuses. Integrated results revealed that for respondents the most significant factors influencing their healthy aging were, life engagement purpose, substance misuse, and masculinity norms. This article contributes to mixed methods research by providing practical applications of incorporating the intersectional model to enhance rigor in designing, conducting, and interpreting mixed methods research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although understandings of scientific inquiry (as opposed to conducting inquiry) are included in science education reform documents around the world, little is known about what students have learned about inquiry during their elementary school years. This is partially due to the lack of any assessment instrument to measure understandings about scientific inquiry. However, a valid and reliable assessment has recently been developed and published, Views About Scientific Inquiry (VASI; Lederman et al. [2014], Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51, 65-83). The purpose of this large-scale international project was to collect the first baseline data on what beginning middle school students have learned about scientific inquiry during their elementary school years. Eighteen countries/regions spanning six continents including 2,634 students participated in the study. The participating countries/regions were: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, England, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Mainland China, New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States. In many countries, science is not formally taught until middle school, which is the rationale for choosing seventh grade students for this investigation. This baseline data will simultaneously provide information on what, if anything, students learn about inquiry in elementary school, as well as their beginning knowledge as they enter secondary school. It is important to note that collecting data from all of the approximately 200 countries globally was not humanly possible, and it was also not possible to collect data from every region of each country. The results overwhelmingly show that students around the world at the beginning of grade seven have very little understandings about scientific inquiry. Some countries do show reasonable understandings in certain aspects but the overall picture of understandings of scientific inquiry is not what is hoped for after completing 6 years of elementary education in any country.

Excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure can lead to sunburn, characterized by skin barrier damage, inflammation, pain, and an increased risk of skin cancer. Recombinant collagens have gradually attracted attention due to their high purity, low immunogenicity, batch-to-batch consistency, and excellent solubility. Additionally, the type of dressing significantly affects wound repair. Gels are ideal for sunburn treatment because they maintain a moist environment, adhere firmly, and do not need to be removed. Herein, we have created bioactive triple-helical recombinant collagen (THRC) gels for improved healing of sunburned skin. The THRC gels remained stable after a three-month stability test, displaying a rheological behavior characteristic of non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids. In vivo skin irritation tests conducted on New Zealand rabbits demonstrated that THRC gels were safe for use. A sunburned mice model was established to study the biological effects of THRC gels. Non-invasive combo evaluations indicated that THRC gels exhibited an exceptional capability of recovering dermis density, erythema index (EI), hydration, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of sunburned skin to a healthy state. Histological observations revealed that THRC gels significantly enhanced the repair of damaged skin by accelerating the recovery process, promoting collagen deposition and regeneration. Molecular biological characterizations further demonstrated their remarkable antioxidant properties, including the inhibition of lipoperoxidation and the enhancement in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities. These safe and bioactive recombinant collagen gels provide a novel approach for sunburn repair and show potential for long-term cosmetic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys in the fabrication of temporary non-vascular stents is an innovative trend in biomedical engineering. However, the heterogeneous degradation profiles of these biomaterials, together with potential bacterial colonization that could precipitate infectious or stenotic complications, are critical obstacles precluding their widespread clinical application. In pursuit of overcoming these limitations, this study applies the principles of biomimicry, particularly the hydrophobic and anti-fouling characteristics of lotus leaves, to pioneer the creation of nanocomposite coatings. These coatings integrate poly-trimethylene carbonate (PTMC) with covalent organic frameworks (COFs), to modify the stent's surface property. The strategic design of the coating's topography, porosity, and self-polishing capabilities collectively aims to decelerate degradation processes and minimize biological adhesion. The protective qualities of the coatings were substantiated through rigorous testing in both in vitro dynamic bile tests and in vivo New Zealand rabbit choledochal models. Empirical findings from these trials confirmed that the implementation of COF-based nanocomposite coatings robustly fortifies Mg implantations, conferring heightened resistance to both biocorrosion and biofouling as well as improved biocompatibility within bodily environments. The outcomes of this research elucidate a comprehensive framework for the multifaceted strategies against stent corrosion and fouling, thereby charting a visionary pathway toward the systematic conception of a new class of reliable COF-derived surface modifications poised to amplify the efficacy of Mg-based stents. Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys are widely utilized in temporary stents, though their rapid degradation and susceptibility to bacterial infection pose significant challenges. Our research has developed a nanocomposite coating inspired by the lotus, integrating poly-trimethylene carbonate with covalent organic frameworks (COF). The coating achieved self-polishing property and optimal surface energy on the Mg substrate, which decelerates stent degradation and reduces biofilm formation. Comprehensive evaluations utilizing dynamic bile simulations and implantation in New Zealand rabbit choledochal models reveal that the coating improves the durability and longevity of the stent. The implications of these findings suggest the potential COF-based Mg alloy stent surface treatments and a leap forward in advancing stent performance and endurance in clinical applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interrupted tensile tests were conducted on FSWed AZ31 Mg alloy to reveal the non-uniform tensile deformation and underlying deformation mechanisms along welding joint. During tensile test, plastic deformation is inhomogeneous along tensile sample. Tensile deformation concentrates at the welding joint, especially at the intermediate zone between NZ and TMAZ. Depending on texture variation, different deformation mechanisms are concluded to be responsible for such inhomogeneous deformation. The activation stress of each deformation mechanism changes gradually from advancing side to retreating side. { 10 1 ¯ 2 } Twinning, prismatic slip and basal slip are the dominating deformation mechanisms in TMAZ, NZ and their intermediate zones, respectively. Thus, inhomogeneous deformation was found along the center line of welding joint, and producing different working hardening. It is verified through micro-hardness distribution along the center line where the intermediate zone has the highest micro-hardness improvement. The results presented in this study give a clear exposition on deformation mechanisms induced inhomogeneous deformation in Mg alloy welding joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite long-term integrated control programs for Eimeria stiedai infection in China, hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits persists. Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Th9, and Th21 cells are involved in immune responses during pathogen infection. It is unclear whether Th cell subsets are also involved in E. stiedai infection. Their roles in the immunopathology of this infection remain unknown. Therefore, monitoring these T-cell subsets' immune responses during primary infection of E. stiedai at both transcriptional (mRNA) and protein (cytokines) levels is essential. Methods: In experimentally infected New Zealand white rabbits, mRNA expression levels of their transcript-TBX2 (Th1), GATA3 (Th2), RORC (Th17), Foxp3 (Treg), SPI1 (Th9), and BCL6 (Th21)--were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), whereas Th1 (IFN-g and TNF-a), Th2 (IL4), Th17 (IL17A and IL6), Treg (IL10 and TGF-b1), Th9 (IL9), and Th21 (IL21) cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results: We found that levels of TBX2, GATA3, RORC, SPI1, and BCL6 in the livers of infected rabbits were elevated on days 5 and 15 post-infection (PI). The concentrations of their distinctive cytokines IFN-g and TNF-a forTh1, IL4 forTh2, IL17A for Th17, IL9 for Th9, IL21 for Th21, and IL10 for Treg IL10 were also significantly increased on days 5 and 15 PI, respectively (p < 0.05). On day 23 PI, GATA3 with its cytokine IL4, RORC with IL17A, Foxp3 with IL10 and TGF-b1, and SPI1 with IL9 were significantly decreased, butTBX2 with IFN-g and IL6 remained elevated. Discussion: Our findings are the first evidence of Th1/Th2/Treg/Th17/Th9/Th21 changes in E. stiedai-infected rabbits and provide insights into immune regulation mechanisms and possible vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the stock return risk associated with the various types of dividend decisions announced by New Zealand firms during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The sample includes a group of firms that initially announced cash dividends but a number of days later made announcements cancelling their payments. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, we found that higher pre-pandemic payout policy significantly increased the likelihood of a cancellation, an omission or an increase decision. Higher growth and higher profitability reduced the probability of an omission and a reduction decision, respectively. Moreover, higher stock return volatility increased the likelihood of an omission, a reduction or an increase decision. Further event study analysis revealed that investors reacted more feverishly to the announcements of cancellation decisions than any other types of dividend decisions. Moreover, we report strong evidence of negative abnormal returns around the cancellation announcements followed by positive post-announcement price reversals, a pattern that is not observed for the omission announcements. This paper contributes to the literature by studying a cancellation sample and reveals, for the first time, significant shareholder risk associated with cancellation decisions, which was not observed for omission decisions. We alert managers to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of breaking a promise of dividend payout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most prevalent type of retinal vasculopathy and the most widespread cause of preventable blindness in adults. Excessive increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and vascular endothelial growth factor are major initiators and drivers of DR progression, respectively. However, current DR treatment options remain limited, particularly for early DR. Nanotechnology‐mediated antioxidant strategies are gaining increasing popularity to treat ocular diseases. Quercetin has excellent ROS scavenging efficiency but poor stability and low bioavailability in physiological environments. In this study, ultrasmall Fe‐Quer nanozymes (NZs) formed by coupling quercetin with low‐toxic iron ions are reported that can mimic the activities of three important antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, thereby exhibiting excellent water dispersion and efficient ROS scavenging ability. In vitro and in vivo assays validate the effects of Fe‐Quer NZs against inflammation, oxidative stress damage, microvascular leakage, and angiogenesis, particularly their vascular protective effect in early DR. Transcriptomic analysis further reveals a potential multitarget‐specific therapeutic mechanism of Fe‐Quer NZs against DR. These observations open avenues for Fe‐Quer NZs, composed of molecules of a natural product and metal ions with artificial NZ activity, as microvascular protective agents for DR and other ROS‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of high-strength aluminium alloy (HA)—namely, AA-6086 and 7075-T6—have been developed and extensively used in recent years. These high-strength aluminium alloys offer advantages such as lower prices and higher yield strength than traditional alloys. The webs of aluminium channel members under concentrated loads are susceptible to web buckling failure, which restricts their applications. However, no research work has been reported that has evaluated the web buckling performance of high-strength aluminium alloy channel sections subjected to end-two-flange (ETF) loading, and the material characteristics of these high-strength aluminium alloys differ significantly from those of conventional aluminium alloys. This work addresses this gap by conducting a detailed numerical investigation. A parametric investigation consisting of 1024 models was performed using the finite element (FE) models previously developed for traditional aluminium alloys. A wide range of high-strength aluminium alloy sections covering varying web slenderness ratios, internal corner radii, bearing lengths, and aluminium alloy grades were considered in this investigation. It was shown that the latest design recommendations in the Australian and New Zealand Standards (AS/NZ S4600) and (AS/NZS 1664.1) were over-conservative when estimating the web buckling strength of such channel sections. Finally, new web buckling design equations for high-strength aluminium alloy channel sections were proposed through reliability analysis in this investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonidulus falsicornus (Zhang & Martin) is redescribed based on six females, three males, two deutonymphs, two protonymphs and four larvae from New Zealand. We also discussed its ontogenetic development, especially those of leg chaetotaxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wedge-tailed green pigeon (Treron sphenurus) has a protective value in the evolution of the family Columbidae. In this study, the complete mitogenome of T. sphenurus from Baise City, China, which represents the first sequenced species of the genus Treron in Tribe Treronini, is reported. This was accomplished using PCR-based methods and a primer-walking sequencing strategy with genus-specific primers. The mitogenome was found to be 18,919 bp in length comprising 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and one control region. In terms of structure and composition, many similarities were found between the T. sphenurus and Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (New Zealand pigeon) mitogenomes. This was further supported by phylogenetic analysis showing that T. sphenurus has a close evolutionary relationship with H. novaeseelandiae. The complete mitogenome of T. sphenurus reported here is expected to provide valuable molecular information for further studies on the phylogeny of the genus Treron and for analyses of the taxonomic status of the family Columbidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contactless identifying different life states can result in improved rescue strategies in post- disaster rescues (such as earthquake and mine accident). If the buried targets are identified extremely endangered with very poor life states, the rescuing principles should be time first. Conversely, if the life states of the buried targets are relatively good, more reliable and safer methods should be given priority although they may cost a little more time. Unfortunately, there are few corresponding reports in life states identification, and current researches mainly focus on detecting or locating under penetration condition. This paper conducts a research on the change laws of physiological parameters of six New Zealand white rabbits, 3 females and 3 males. Experimental condition is under water and food deprivation to simulate one of the typical trapped situations of buried targets in post-disaster rescuing missions. Respiration is synchronously detected by an ultra-wideband (UWB) system in non-contact and an RM6240E system in contact. Heart rate, weight, and anal temperature are measured in contact measurement meanwhile. Over the time under water and food deprivation condition, there are typical and regular varieties in the respiration waveforms and heart rate values, which provide the possibility to identify different life states. Particularly, the respiration waveform changes in UWB radar signals are envisioned to be applied in practical post-disaster rescue where only UWB radar can penetrate ruins through penetrating measurement method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to use umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) loaded with graphene oxide (GO) granular lubricant to treat knee osteoarthritis (KOA) animal models and to analyze their effect on cytokine levels in the articular cavity. Methods: Twenty-four New Zealand rabbit models of KOA were established by the modified Hulth and cartilage injury method, and they were assigned to the blank group, the GO group, the UCMSC group, and the GO + UCMSC group, each group containing six animal models. The GO and UCMSC groups were treated by a single intra-articular injection. The treatment was started one month after surgical modeling, and the observation period was eight weeks. The expression levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and collagen-II (COL-II) in serum and articular fluid after treatment were compared to analyze the efficacy. Results: The GO granular lubricant caused no significant improvement in the intra-articular environment of the knee joint, and UCMSCs caused a certain degree of improvement in the inflammatory environment. The improvement results of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, GAG, and COL-II were the best in the GO + UCMSC group, but the improvement results of inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and articular fluid were not consistent, especially the differences in NO, IL-6, and TNF-α were greater. Conclusion: UCMSCs loaded with the GO granular lubricant can reduce the inflammatory level and improve the level of biochemical environment in the articular cavity, and thus promote cartilage repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the effects of different structures (solid/hollow) and pore diameters (300/600 μm) on bone ingrowth. Methods: Porous titanium alloy scaffolds (3.2 * 10.5 mm) were printed using electron beam melting. The implants were divided into either Hollow or Solid Group. The upper half of each implant was printed with a pore diameter of 600 μm while the bottom half was printed with a pore diameter of 300 μm. Visualization of the structural morphology was done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Cell proliferation was evaluated with the cell counting kit-8 assay and live/dead staining assay. The different lateral femoral condyles of 15 New Zealand rabbits were implanted with different groups of scaffolds. The rabbits were randomly sacrificed at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week postoperatively. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) evaluation was completed by quantitative Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT). Tissue histology were stained with toluidine blue to observe bone ingrowth under an optical microscope, and the percentage of new bone area were calculated using Image Pro-Plus 6.0. Results: SEM images showed a significant decrease in residual powder in the hollow implant and cell studies showed no obvious cytotoxicity for the Ti6Al4V scaffolds. Micro-CT reconstruction revealed high levels of new bone formation around the scaffolds. The trabeculae around the implants showed a gradual increase with each week, and new bone filled the scaffold pores gradually. BMD, BV/TV, and tissue histology revealed the 300 μm pore diameter is more conducive to bone ingrowth than the 600 μm (p <.05). Conclusion: Our study revealed that Ti6Al4V implants with hollow structure could reduce the residual metal powder and implants with 300 μm pore diameter were more effective on bone formation than a 600 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To observe the dynamic changes in oxidative stress and the expression levels of antioxidant and oxidative parameters in the blood and synovial fluid in the osteochondral defects of the rabbit knee joints and to explore the significance. Methods. Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly selected and divided into a blank control group (n = 10), a model control group (n = 10), and an osteochondral defect group (n = 10). The osteochondral defect model of rabbit knee joint was constructed by medial parapatellar arthrotomy. The expression levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in peripheral venous blood and knee synovial fluid of the three groups were measured at the end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks after treatment. Results. The expression levels of GSH and SOD in the blood and synovial fluid in the osteochondral defect group at the end of the 8th and 12th weeks were observably lower than those of the other two groups (P < 0.05); higher expression levels of MDA and 8-OHdG in the blood and synovial fluid of the osteochondral defect group compared with those of the other two groups were obtained (P < 0.05). At the end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks, the expression levels of MDA and 8-OHdG in the blood and synovial fluid of the osteochondral defect group presented an upward trend (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The osteochondral defects initiate the oxidative stress in the body, which is presented as the decrease of GSH and SOD expression, and the upregulation of MDA and 8-OHdG expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone formation plays an important role in early tendon–bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Dedifferentiated osteogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (De-BMSCs) have enhanced osteogenic potential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of De-BMSCs transplantation on the promotion of bone formation at the tendon–bone interface after ACLR and to further explore the molecular mechanism of the enhanced osteogenic potential of De-BMSCs. Methods: BMSCs from the femurs and tibias of New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to osteogenic induction and then cultured in medium without osteogenic factors; the obtained cell population was termed De-BMSCs. De-BMSCs were induced to undergo osteo-, chondro- and adipo-differentiation in vitro to examine the characteristics of primitive stem cells. An ACLR model with a semitendinosus tendon was established in rabbits, and the animals were divided into a control group, BMSCs group, and De-BMSCs group. At 12 weeks after surgery, the rabbits in each group were sacrificed to evaluate tendon–bone healing by histologic staining, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) examination, and biomechanical testing. During osteogenic differentiation of De-BMSCs, an siRNA targeting nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATc1) was used to verify the molecular mechanism of the enhanced osteogenic potential of De-BMSCs. Results: De-BMSCs exhibited some properties similar to BMSCs, including multiple differentiation potential and cell surface markers. Bone formation at the tendon–bone interface in the De-BMSCs group was significantly increased, and biomechanical strength was significantly improved. During the osteogenic differentiation of De-BMSCs, the expression of Nanog and NFATc1 was synergistically increased, which promoted the interaction of NFATc1 and Osterix, resulting in increased expression of osteoblast marker genes such as COL1A, OCN, and OPN. Conclusions: De-BMSCs transplantation could promote bone formation at the tendon–bone interface after ACLR and improve the biomechanical strength of the reconstruction. The Nanog/NFATc1/Osterix signaling pathway mediated the enhanced osteogenic differentiation efficiency of De-BMSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men in New Zealand (NZ) do not enjoy the same level of health and wellbeing as women. Men generally experience a higher incidence of, and mortality from, major diseases; most importantly, life expectancies for men in NZ are approximately four years less than for women. Such disparities vary across rural and urban communities, and across ethnic sub-groups. In particular, Māori men live some seven years less than other NZ men. Despite such inequalities, men's health is not recognised as a priority by healthcare providers, government, or at the wider societal level. This qualitative study seeks to address this, by contributing to our understanding of factors associated with health and wellbeing for men in the ageing process. Study findings will also inform the development of a national survey of older men. Focus groups will be used to explore the expectations and experiences of health and wellbeing in a cohort of older men (≥45 years) in the Otago and Southland regions. Topics to be explored will include gender role conflict, health service help-seeking, lifestyle behaviours, social engagement, and self-identified health risks. In total, five groups are planned (6-10 men per group) and will be conducted in urban, rural, and urban-rural adjunct areas. Focus groups will be recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Transcriptions will be coded for themes using the abductive thematic analysis approach. This paper presents a protocol of a study in progress, and results are not yet known. This is the first qualitative study focussing on ageing well in men in NZ. It will contribute to our understanding of this aspect of men's health, and – ultimately – help to inform interventions and policies to better support men to age positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common chronic musculoskeletal disorders, is deemed to be correlated with aging. The SIRT1 activator, resveratrol, acts as a crucial regulator of aging and may have a potential therapeutic effect on OA. Rabbit OA models were established through destabilized medial meniscus surgery. A total of 40 healthy male New Zealand rabbits were divided into five groups: control group (sham operation), OA group, as well as low dose (LD), middle dose (MD), and high dose (HD) resveratrol-treated OA groups. 6 weeks after operation, 0.8 ml of normal saline was injected into the knee joints every other day in the control and OA groups, and 0.8 ml of 5, 10, and 15 μmol/L resveratrol was injected into the knee joints every other day in the LD, MD, and HD group, respectively. The rabbits were sacrificed 2 weeks after medication, and the articular cartilage of the knee joint was collected for Micro-CT, histology and Western blot analysis. Obvious articular cartilage lesion and joint space narrowing were detected in the OA group. Compared with the OA group, less osteoarthritic changes were observed in the MD and HD groups. The MD and HD groups had significantly lower bone volume fraction, trabecular number and Mankin scores than the LD and OA groups (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the OA and LD groups (p > 0.05). The expressions of SIRT1 and p53 detected by western blot were consistent with the aforementioned findings. Therefore, resveratrol can activate the SIRT1 gene to play a protective role in the OA process by inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis, trabecular bone number increasing of the subchondral bone, as well as elevation of bone density. It demonstrated the importance of SIRT1 in maintaining articular cartilage health and provided a promising therapeutic intervention in the treatment of OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: On-the-spot blood glucose testing is a health service performed in public spaces to raise diabetes awareness and screen for elevated blood glucose levels. AIM: To describe the users of this service and the frequency of detecting elevated blood glucose. METHODS: Data collected at point-of-testing on a standardised form over 20 months in two regions of New Zealand were audited. Descriptive and simple inferential statistics report on population demographics and presence of elevated blood glucose (mmol/L). RESULTS: Data from 2156 individuals were audited. Most (1680, 78%) were female, the mean age was 52 years (standard deviation 18 years) and all major ethnic groups and socioeconomic quintiles were represented. For 53% of responders, this was their first blood glucose test. In total, 153 (7.1%) cases with elevated blood glucose were identified, including 94 who did not report a previous pre-diabetes or diabetes diagnosis. Blood glucose was not correlated with socioeconomic status (r = 0.04; P = 0.07), but weakly correlated with age (r = 0.19; P < 0.001). Blood glucose values did not appear to differ between ethnicities (P = 0.052). Men had a higher mean value than women (P = 0.003). People with elevated blood glucose access their general practitioner more often than people with normal blood glucose, irrespective of a diabetes diagnosis (P = 0.002). DISCUSSION: On-the-spot blood glucose testing is a health service accessed by a wide range of people, although more commonly by women than men. Future interventions targeting men may better engage them in health screening. Alongside awareness raising, on-the-spot community testing identified previously unknown elevated blood glucose levels at a rate of 1-in-22, and may lead to the earlier identification and treatment of prediabetes or diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porosity reduction in rocks from a fault core can cause elevated pore fluid pressures and consequently influence the recurrence time of earthquakes. We investigated the porosity distribution in the New Zealand's Alpine Fault core in samples recovered during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1B) by using two-dimensional nanoscale and three-dimensional microscale imaging. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography-derived analyses of open pore spaces show total microscale porosities in the range of 0.1 %–0.24 %. These pores have mainly non-spherical, elongated, flat shapes and show subtle bipolar orientation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal the samples' microstructural organization, where nanoscale pores ornament grain boundaries of the gouge material, especially clay minerals. Our data imply that (i) the porosity of the fault core is very small and not connected; (ii) the distribution of clay minerals controls the shape and orientation of the associated pores; (iii) porosity was reduced due to pressure solution processes; and (iv) mineral precipitation in fluid-filled pores can affect the mechanical behavior of the Alpine Fault by decreasing the already critically low total porosity of the fault core, causing elevated pore fluid pressures and/or introducing weak mineral phases, and thus lowering the overall fault frictional strength. We conclude that the current state of very low porosity in the Alpine Fault core is likely to play a key role in the initiation of the next fault rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aims to explore the effects of BTXA on the proteins that affect the contraction of fibroblasts. Moreover, the optimal dose of BTXA on hypertrophic scars has not yet been determined. The current study investigated the effect of different doses of BTXA on scar formation. Materials and Methods 18 rabbits' ears of New Zealand rabbits were used to establish hypertrophic scar model. These wounds were divided into four groups as group B (treated with deferent dosage of BTXA), group T (treated with TAC), group S (not treated), and group C (normal skin). Fibroblast apoptosis was detected by the method of TUNEL. Collagen I, III, and TGF-β1 expression were examined by western blotting method. The immunohistochemical staining and computerized image analysis were used to measure the optical density (OD value) of positive staining of α-SMA and myosin II. Results With increasing BTXA dose, the apoptotic rates increased. Western blot showed that Collagen fibrils and TGF-β1 proteins were expressed lower with the increasing of dose of BTXA (P < 0.05). α-SMA and myosin II in Group B were significantly decreased than those in Group T (P < 0.05), moreover, more myosin II can be reduced with high concentrations of BTXA (2.0 IU). Conclusions It was shown that BTXA could induce fibroblast apoptosis and inhibit the expression of α-SMA and myosin II, which can inhibit FB contraction. It plays a positive role in the treatment of scar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideal concentrations of inhaled oxygen with regard to lung protection during early traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS) remain unknown especially in the era of targeted temperature management (TTM). We speculated that a significant increase in oxygen supply in early stage of THS would magnify the protecting role of hypothermia in acute lung injury. Forty male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): sham group, control group, group 1, and group 2. Except for sham group, all other animals were submitted to 30 min of uncontrolled THS and received limited fluid resuscitation for 60 min. During resuscitation, in addition to 34°C of TTM, animals in group 1 inhaled 21% oxygen while animals in group 2 inhaled 50% oxygen. Animals in control group inhaled room air and were kept normothermia. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis parameters in the lung tissues were determined. THS induced higher expression of malondialdehyde, surfactant protein A, nuclear factor kappa B, and caspase 3 as well as lower expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and superoxide dismutase activity. Compared with inhalation of 21% oxygen, inhalation of 50% oxygen during TTM significantly improves oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and acute lung injury. Oxygen supplement during TTM therapy alleviated acute lung injury in the early stage of THS. Further studies are required to explore the ideal combination forms of TTM and oxygen supplement with the purpose of maximizing therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor conbercept (KH902) on corneal neovascularization and wound healing following penetrating keratoplasty in rabbits. Methods: Conbercept was administered to New Zealand white rabbits through topical and subconjunctival routes. Corneal neovascularization and wound healing were examined by slit-lamp photography and histological analyses. The expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, α-smooth muscle actin, and keratocan in the corneal grafts were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The anterior segment photographs demonstrated that corneal neovascularization started in the 2nd week. In the 4th week, histologically, the superficial corneal stroma layer showed disordered arrangement, and there were large numbers of dense inflammatory cells and blood vessels in the stroma layer. Vascular endothelial growth factor in the experimental groups was significantly decreased at all time points compared with the control group (both P = 0.001). Expression of α-smooth muscle actin in corneal grafts demonstrated an increase in time even it was lower in experimental groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (P equaled to 0.507 and 0.723, respectively). There were no significant differences with the expression of keratocan in all groups except that it significantly declined at the 4th week as to the second week in all groups and P values were 0.022, 0.020 and 0.014 in control (C), topical (E1), and subconjunctival (E2) group, respectively. Conclusion: The study found that conbercept inhibited the formation of corneal neovascularization without affecting keratocan-mediated corneal wound healing and there were no significant differences between topical administration of different doses of conbercept on the rabbit corneal neovascularization after penetrating keratoplasty in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospital to home transition care is a most stressful period for stroke survivors and their caregivers to learn self-management of stroke-related health conditions and to engage in rehabilitation. Health coaching has been identified as a strategy to enhance self-management of poststroke care at home. However, interventions in this field that are informed by a health coaching framework are scarce. This study will address a gap in research by testing the hypothesis that a nurse-led health coaching intervention can improve health outcomes for stroke survivors and their family caregivers in hospital to home transition care.Methods: This is a single-blind, two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led health coaching program versus routine care situated in two tertiary hospitals in Chongqing, China. Stroke survivors and their primary family caregivers will be recruited together as "participant dyads", and the estimated sample size is 140 (70 in each group). The intervention includes a 12-week nurse-led health coaching program in hospital to home transition care commencing at discharge from the hospital. The primary outcome is changes in self-efficacy of stroke survivors at 12 weeks from the baseline. The secondary outcomes are changes in stroke survivors' and quality of life, functional ability, stroke-related knowledge, the number of adverse events, and unplanned hospital admissions, and caregivers' self-efficacy and caregiver-related burden at 12 weeks from the baseline. The outcomes will be measured at 12 weeks and 24 weeks from the baseline.Discussion: This study will examine the effect of nurse-led health coaching on hospital to home transition care for stroke survivors and their caregivers. It is anticipated that findings from this trial will provide research evidence to inform policy, and resource and practice development to improve hospital to home transition care for stroke survivors and their caregivers.Trial Registration: The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12619000321145. Registered on 1 March 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate the expression of a novel small cysteine-rich (SCR) effector protein SCR96 from the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora cactorum in mammalian cells, its bioactivity and to exploit its polyclonal antibody. Results: The gene encoding the SCR effector protein SCR96 was codon-optimized, custom-synthesized, cloned into pcDNA3.1(−) and overexpressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293-6E cells. The recombinant protein SCR96 was prone to aggregation and purified with its monomer to homogeneity with a predicted molecular weight of 8.9 kDa. SCR96 exhibited strong phytotoxic activity on tomato seedlings at 24 h post treatment with 4.2 μg of the purified protein. An anti-SCR96 polyclonal antibody was prepared by immunization of New Zealand white rabbits. The good-titer antibody had a detection sensitivity at 6.25-ng level and could specifically detect the SCR96 protein expressed either in yeast, or in tomato leaves. Conclusions: Transient production of the SCR effector protein SCR96 in mammalian cells is reliable, providing sufficient recombinant protein that can be utilized for analysis of its phytotoxic activity and preparation of its polyclonal antibody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tomato/potato psyllid (TPP), Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), is a recently established invasive pest of solanaceous crops in New Zealand. No alternative control strategies are available against TPP due to the development of insecticidal resistance. We investigated the combined use of the predatory mites Amblydromalus limonicus or Neoseiulus cucumeris with either the fungus Beauveria bassiana (suspensions and dry conidia) or with Typha orientalis pollen as a control of TPP in greenhouse bell pepper over 7 weeks. RESULTS: All treatments significantly reduced TPP densities compared with the control. A. limonicus resulted in significantly lower TPP densities than any other combination with N. cucumeris. B. bassiana suspensions did not affect A. limonicus densities when they were combined. However, the application of dry B. bassiana conidia significantly reduced the densities of A. limonicus. The use of T. orientalis pollen resulted in significantly higher densities of A. limonicus but densities of N. cucumeris did not increase. The combined use of A. limonicus with B. bassiana suspensions or T. orientalis pollen resulted in significantly decreased TPP populations and greater crop yield. CONCLUSION: The synergistic application of A. limonicus with B. bassiana suspensions could be a suitable strategy to control TPP in the greenhouse. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of low back pain in the clinic. In the advanced stage of IDD, both cell transplantation and gene therapy have obvious limitations. At this stage, tissue‐engineered IVDs (TE‐IVDs) provide new hope for the treatment of this disease. We aimed to construct a TE‐IVD with a relatively complete structure. The inner annulus fibrosus (AF) was constructed using poly (butylene succinate‐co‐terephthalate) copolyester (PBST) electrospun fibers, and the outer AF consisted of solid PBST. The nucleus pulposus (NP) scaffold was constructed using a chitosan hydrogel, as reported in our previous research. The three components were assembled in vitro, and the mechanical properties were analyzed. AF and NP cells were implanted on the corresponding scaffolds. Then, the cell‐seeded scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice and cultured for 4 weeks; then they were removed and implanted into New Zealand white rabbits. After 4 weeks, their properties were analyzed. The PBST outer AF provided mechanical support for the whole TE‐IVD. The electrospun film and chitosan hydrogel simulated the natural structure of the IVD well. Its mechanical property could meet the requirement of the normal IVD. Four weeks later, X‐ray and MR imaging examination results suggested that the height of the intervertebral space was retained. The cells on the TE‐IVD expressed extracellular matrix, which indicated that the cells maintained their biological function. Therefore, we conclude that the whole TE‐IVD has biological and biomechanical properties to some extent, which is a promising candidate for IVD replacement therapies. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2305–2316, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To observe the effect of high positive acceleration (+Gz) environment on dental implant osseointegration in a rabbit model and to investigate its mechanism. Forty-eight New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups. The rabbit's mandibular incisors were extracted and 1 implant was placed in each socket immediately. After 1 week of rest, the rabbits were exposed to a high +Gz environment, 3 times a week. The rabbits were sacrificed at 3 weeks (2 weeks +Gz exposure), 5 weeks (4 weeks +Gz exposure), and 12 weeks (4 weeks +Gz exposure and 7 weeks normal environment) after surgery, respectively. Specimens were harvested for micro-CT scanning, histological analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction examination. Compared with those in the control group, the mRNA expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), osteopontin (OPN), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were significantly lower (P < 0.05), while the mRNA expression level of receptor activator of nuclear factor k B ligand (RANKL) and the RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 3 weeks; values of bone volume fraction, trabecular number, bone-implant contact (BIC), and TGF-β1 and OPG mRNA expression levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05), and the value of trabecular separation, RANKL mRNA expression level and RANKL/OPG ratio were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 5 weeks; and the value of BIC was still significantly lower (P < 0.05) at 12 weeks in the experimental group. Early exposure to the high +Gz environment after implant surgery might have an adverse effect on osseointegration, and its mechanism could be related to the inhibition of osteoblast activity and promotion of osteoclast activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs) constitutes a critical factor in the formation of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). However, little is known about the response of ECs to hemodynamic insults and its contribution to IA formation. IAs models were constructed in both adult female New Zealand white rabbits and male Sprague–Dawley rats. Morphologic changes of vessel wall were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Molecular and cellular changes, including p120-catenin (p120ctn) and vascular endothelial−cadherin, in the median sagittal section of the artery bifurcation were analyzed by fluorescent staining. Destructive aneurysmal remodeling and the formation of morphologic IAs were observed at the basilar termini of experimental rabbits and the anterior cerebral artery–olfactory artery bifurcation of rats. The expression of p120ctn colocalized with vascular endothelial−cadherin in ECs decreased. Moreover, the expression of p120ctn colocalized with nucleus of ECs increased. These events suggested that p120ctn was transported from the membrane to the nucleus of ECs. The potential mechanism, that IAs are always localizing in the bifurcation apices, may be that the endothelium injury of vessel wall can be induced by different hemodynamic conditions. Hemodynamic changes in artery bifurcation may initiate the formation of IAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to assess the efficacy of the scleral collagen cross-linking method using glyceraldehyde solution for prevention of lens-induced axial elongation in New Zealand rabbits and investigate the biochemical and microstructural changes that occur. Methods: The right eyes of New Zealand rabbits aged seven weeks were randomly divided into three groups: the cross-linking group (n = 6), non-crosslinking group (n = 5), and untreated control group (n = 5). Eyes in cross-linking and non-crosslinking groups were treated with a −8.00 Diopter spherical lens over the course of two weeks. The cross-linking effects were achieved by a sub-Tenon's injection of 0.15 ml 0.5 M glyceraldehyde to eyes in the CL group. Ocular parameters were measured on the 1st, 7th, and 14th days. Biomechanical testing, light and electronic microscopy were used. Results: Following the cross-linking treatment, eyes in the cross-linking group had a shorter axial length compared to those in the non-crosslinking group (p = 0.006). Collagen fibrils larger than 240 nm were observed in the scleral stroma of cross-linking group, which were absent in the scleral stroma of the non-crosslinking and untreated control group. The mean ultimate stress and Young's modulus was significantly greater in the cross-linking group compared to those in the non-crosslinking and untreated control group (p < 0.05). No histological damage observed in the retina or choroid. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that lens-induced axial elongation in rabbits can be effectively blocked by cross-linking using glyceraldehyde, with anatomical and mechanical modification and no deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to observe the effect of pancreatic elastase combined with angiotensin II on a stable rabbit abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Methods: A total of 20 male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into groups A and B, with 10 rabbits per group. The rabbits in group A were given an intraperitoneal perfusion of pancreatic elastase, and the rabbits in group B were given continuous pumping of angiotensin II in addition to the operation of group A. Before the operation and at 2, 4, and 16 weeks postoperation, vascular color Doppler ultrasonography was performed, and blood samples were collected to measure the serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and MMP2 levels. At 16 weeks postoperation, all rabbits in both groups were killed, and hematoxylin and eosin, Elastic-van-Gieson, Masson's, and immunohistochemical staining were performed for the vessel specimens. Results: At 2 weeks postoperation, the aneurysm formation rates of the 2 groups were both 100%, and the average expansion rates of the aneurysm diameters were 85% and 93%, respectively; these differences were not significant (P = .150 and P = .280, respectively). At 4 weeks postoperation, the aneurysm formation rates of the 2 groups were 71.4% and 100%, and the average expansion rates of the aneurysm diameter were 68% and 99%, respectively; the differences between the groups were significant (P = .031 and P = .022, respectively). At 16 weeks postoperation, the aneurysm formation rates of the 2 groups were 14.3% and 100%, and the average expansion rates of the aneurysm diameter were 12% and 108%, respectively; the differences between the groups were significant (P = .026 and P = .014, respectively). Conclusion: Compared to the abdominal aortic aneurysm modeling method in rabbits based on pancreatic elastase alone, the abdominal aortic aneurysm modeling method in rabbits using pancreatic elastase combined with angiotensin II maintained the morphology of the abdominal aortic aneurysm for a longer time, showing an important application value for the long-term observation of changes in abdominal aortic aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Aceria genistae (Nalepa) on scotch broom ( Cytisus scoparius) from Mandagout, France is redescribed and a neotype is designated. A gall mite on Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) in New Zealand, previously mis-identified by David Manson as A. genistae is here redescribed as a new species, Aceria davidmansoni sp. nov. Taxonomic and nomenclatural history of A. genistae is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This paper aims to examine whether the cross-sectional return patterns in New Zealand's main stock market (NZSX) are also present in the alternative (NZAX) and over-the-counter (Unlisted) markets. Design/methodology/approach -- Cross-sectional regressions of monthly stock returns on well-known pricing factors including firm size, book-to-market (B/M) ratio, liquidity and past returns were run. The NZSX sample commenced in 1988 and continued through to 2011, while data are available for the Unlisted and NZAX markets from 2004 to 2011. Findings -- The pricing factors that are important in explaining returns in major international markets also influence returns on the NZSX. However, only B/M is consistently priced across all New Zealand stock exchanges, including the alternative NZAX and Unlisted markets. There is evidence of reversal in NZAX stocks, but liquidity effects are not consistent or pervasive in either market. Practical implications -- With B/M being the only consistently priced variable across all markets, investors in the NZAX and in particular Unlisted may be concerned with other risk factors. For example, the risks associated with differing levels of investor protection, corporate governance and disclosure may be of more concern to investors than pricing factors such as size, liquidity and past returns in these alternative trading platforms. Originality/value -- The paper examines cross-sectional return patterns of the NZAX and Unlisted stocks and is the first paper to jointly test the explanatory power of size, B/M, past returns and liquidity factors for NZSX stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To systematically analyze the current status of outcomes reporting in clinical trials on treating stasis acute mastitis with Traditional Chinese Medicine breast massage. We searched CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane library, JBI, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Clinical Trials Registry Platform portal, Clinical Trials Registry, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, Center Watch Registry from inception to May IS, 2022 to find randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, case series and cohort studies which reported the outcomes of stasis acute mastitis managed with Traditional Chinese Medicine breast massage, with search terms of mastitis, acute mastitis, lactation mastitis, puerperal mastitis, breast problem, breast engorgement, milk stasis, blocked ducked, breast pain, breast massage, and acupoint massage. Outcomes and the measurement schemes (measurement methods, timing of assessing outcome, frequency of assessing outcome, measurers) were extracted from the included studies. We used the Management of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children with Cleft Palate (MOMENT) to assess the quality of each study, then categorized outcomes derived from the included studies into different domains according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Arthritis Clinic Trials (OMERACT) Filter 2.1 framework. We identified 85 clinical trials, in which 54 different outcomes were reported. A total of 81.2% (69/85) of studies were assessed as medium quality with a mean score of 2.6, and 18.8% (16/85) as low quality with a mean score of 0.9. These outcomes were organized in three core areas. Lump size (89.4%, 76/85) was the most frequently reported outcome, followed by breast pain (69.4%, 59/85) and milk excretion (68.2%, 58/85). Five methods were used to assess lump size and four methods to assess breast pain. The outcomes reported in clinical trials regarding stasis acute mastitis treated by Traditional Chinese Medicine breast massage are heterogeneous. Developing a core outcome set to achieve consistent standards for reporting outcomes and modalities for validation of the outcomes is clearly warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-absorbable Zn alloys have been attractive replacements for the traditionally permanent implants due to their reasonable mechanical strength and elongation, degradation rate, and biocompatibility. The hybridization addition of Mg and Ag elements could greatly improve the mechanical properties and antibacterial ability of Zn, respectively. In the present paper, in vivo biocompatibility for the Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1 wt%) Ag implants in New Zealand rabbit was qualitatively evaluated during the implantation periods of 4, 12, and 24 weeks. The blood serum biochemical parameters and in vivo integrity of the implants in the live rabbits were monitored by using clinical chemistry analyzing and X-ray radiographic imaging techniques during the implantation process, respectively. There is no great difference in the serum biochemical indicator between the implanted rabbits and the control group. Especially the levels of serum Zn and serum Mg normalize after implantation of 24 weeks. The interfacial adherence between the implants and newly formed bones, and the histopathological morphology of heart, liver, and kidney were observed morphologically under the microscope. The new bones formed and grew surrounding the implants after 12 weeks' post-operation, which were well joined with the original cortical bones after post-implantation of 24 weeks. The heart, liver and kidney were not negatively influenced as evidenced from the serum biochemical indicators and morphologies of the tissues. Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1 wt%) Ag alloys are proved to be in vivo biocompatible and potential candidates for the biodegradable medical implants. • In vivo biocompatibility of Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1 wt%) Ag implants was evaluated. • Addition of Ag into Zn Mg alloy is not toxic to visceral organs. • Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1 wt%) Ag alloys spur the formation of new bones. • Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1 wt%) Ag alloys showed good cohesion with bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seawater immersion worsens the damage inflicted to brain tissue by open TBI. • Seawater upregulates oxidative stress in brain tissue. • Seawater increases neuron sensibility to apoptosis inducing factors. • Seawater promotes angiogenesis and astrogliosis in brain tissue. We emulated instances of open traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in a maritime disaster. New Zealand rabbit animal models were used to evaluate the pathophysiological changes in open TBI with and without the influence of artificial seawater. New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups. Control group consisted of only normal animals. Animals in TBI and TBI + Seawater groups underwent craniotomy with dura mater incised and brain tissue exposed to free-fall impact. Afterward, only TBI + Seawater group received on-site artificial seawater infusion. Brain water content (BWC) and permeability of blood–brain barrier (BBB) were assessed. Reactive oxygen species levels were measured. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were employed to detect: apoptosis-related factors Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2; angiogenesis-related factors CD31 and CD34; astrogliosis-related factor glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); potential neuron injury indicator neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Hematoxylin & eosin, Masson-trichrome and Nissl stainings were performed for pathological observations. Comparing to Control group, TBI group manifested abnormal neuronal morphology; increased BWC; compromised BBB integrity; increased ROS, Bax, CD31, CD34, Caspase-3 and GFAP expressions; decreased Bcl-2 and NSE expression. Seawater immersion caused all changes, except BWC, to become more significant. Seawater immersion worsens the damage inflicted to brain tissue by open TBI. It aggravates hypoxia in brain tissue, upregulates ROS expression, increases neuron sensitivity to apoptosis-inducing factors, and promotes angiogenesis as well as astrogliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the adverse biomechanical effects of methotrexate (MTX) on spontaneous tubal motility and on a widely distributed Cajal-like type of tubal interstitial cells (t-ICC) in rabbits. In our previous study, MTX was confirmed to cause acute endosalpingitis, and ultrastructural and steroid receptor damage in rat''s endosalpinx in a dose-dependent manner. Design: Differences in spontaneous tubal contractions and cellular distribution of t-ICC in isthmus were evaluated in response to MTX. Setting: Medical school research laboratory. Animal(s): Twenty nonpregnant female New Zealand albino rabbits in estrus stage were divided equally into four groups. Intervention(s): Rabbits received IM MTX (1, 5, 10 mg/kg body weight) and controls received physiological saline. Main Outcome Measure(s): On day 7, in vitro motility studies measuring spontaneous tubal contractions were performed, and cellular distribution of t-ICC was determined by immunohistochemistry. Result(s): Methotrexate produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous isthmus contractions (frequency in 5, 10 mg/kg groups, and amplitude in 1, 5, 10 mg/kg MTX groups). It decreased significantly compared with the control group. Meanwhile, MTX at 5, 10 mg/kg decreased the population of c-kit immunoreactive t-ICC significantly. Conclusion(s): The decreased t-ICC may contribute to the diminished tubal smooth muscle contractility caused by MTX as observed. Tubal interstitial cells might be new potential targets for a variety of dysfunctional tubal motility diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

(R,R)ZX-5 is a NO regulatory compound, which could significantly increase choroidal blood flow in New Zealand rabbit. The aim of this paper is to investigate the molecular mechanism of (R,R)ZX-5 promoting NO production. Besides this, we also investigated the antiangiogenic activity of (R,R)ZX-5. Analysis of Western blot showed that (R,R)ZX-5 up-regulated the expression of Akt, p-Akt (Thr473), eNOS and p-eNOS (Ser1177), down-regulated the expression of Cyclin D1 in human retinal endothelial cells and escalated the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. Additionally, (R,R)ZX-5 inhibited the growth of blood vessels in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. It is concluded that (R,R)ZX-5 promotes choroidal blood flow through PI3K/Akt-eNOS and Akt-Ca2+-eNOS pathways. Additionally, (R,R)ZX-5 can inhibit angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study by William John Martin and colleagues to profile the differentiation pathway of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystal–recruited noninflammatory monocytes in vivo, in a peritoneal murine model of acute MSU crystal–induced inflammation. It is inferred that the MSU crystal–recruited monocytes differentiate into proinflammatory M1-like macrophages in vivo, which in turn, are likely to play a key role in perpetuating inflammation in gouty arthritis.

We conducted histologic and histomorphometric studies to evaluate the osteointegration of gradient coatings composed of bioactive glass and nanohydroxyapatite (BG–nHA) on titanium-alloy orthopaedic implants and surrounding bone tissue in vivo. Titanium-alloy implants with a gradient coating (gradient coating group), uncoated implants (uncoated group), and implants with a conventional hydroxyapatite (HA) coating (HA coating group) were randomly implanted in bilateral femoral condyles of 36 male New Zealand rabbits. The bone–implant contact at 12 and 24 weeks and the new bone volume in the notch created for observing bone ingrowth at 4, 12, and 24 weeks were found greater in the gradient coating group than those in both the uncoated group and the HA coating group (p < 0.05). Fluorescence micrographs showed active osteogenesis in the gradient coating group at 4 weeks after implantation. These findings indicated that BG–nHA gradient coatings could enhance the osteointegration of orthopaedic implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Experimental animal studies of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) usually involve endotracheal intubation, which is associated with a risk of serious tracheal injury and other significant negative sequelae. We developed an animal model of pressure overload hypertrophy caused by constriction of the ascending aorta in rabbits that does not require endotracheal intubation. Methods: New Zealand White rabbits of either sex (1.94 ± 0.12 kg) were randomly assigned to the aortic banding (AB) group (n = 9) and the sham-operated group (n = 8). The sternum was carefully incised along the midline to avoid injury to the parietal pleura. Then, the intervention group underwent AB with three to zero Prolene proximal to the innominate artery without endotracheal intubation. To investigate the effects of the surgical procedure on physiological parameters, echocardiography, histology, and electron microscopy were performed to assess functional and structural hypertrophy at various time intervals. Results: Banding of the ascending aorta created the expected increases in both aortic velocity and the pressure gradient between proximal and distal aorta coarctation. The pressure overload resulted in a robust LVH assessed by transthoracic echocardiography and histology. The animals did not experience severe mechanical ventilatory impairment. Conclusion: We developed a safe, efficient, and reproducible method of producing LVH in rabbits without the need for endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Ultimately, this model will facilitate focused study of the mechanisms involved with LVH progression. (J Card Surg 2010;25:253-257) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peloruside B (2), a natural congener of peloruside A (1), was isolated in sub-milligram quantities from the New Zealand marine sponge Mycale hentscheli. Peloruside B promotes microtubule polymerization and arrests cells in the G2/M phase of mitosis similar to paclitaxel, and its bioactivity was comparable to that of peloruside A. NMR-directed isolation, structure elucidation, structure confirmation by total synthesis, and bioactivity of peloruside B are described in this article. The synthesis features Sharpless dihydroxylation, Brown's asymmetric allylboration reaction, reductive aldol coupling, Yamaguchi macrolactonization, and selective methylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the biochemical effects of vitrectomy can be studied in rabbits and to assess the possible protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on the lens following vitrectomy. Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits (2.3–2.4kg) were divided into three groups of eight each. Left eyes underwent vitrectomy surgery. Unoperated right eyes served as controls. Equal numbers of treated eyes were not injected, injected with 20mM N-acetylcysteine, or 100mM N-acetylcysteine immediately after vitrectomy. Lens transparency was monitored by slit-lamp biomicroscopy pre- and post-vitrectomy. A series of biochemical measurements were performed on lenses five months after vitrectomy. No significant differences in lens transparency or structure were observed in the three groups of lenses. However, vitrectomy was associated with significantly decreased activity of Na+-K+-ATPase and catalase. Compared with the group not treated with N-acetylcysteine, catalase activity was increased significantly in the group treated with 20mM N-acetylcysteine. The level of glutathione and the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and glutathione reductase were also higher in the two N-acetylcysteine-treated groups than in the untreated group, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. For all measured parameters, the effect of 20mM N-acetylcysteine appeared to be better than 100mM N-acetylcysteine, although these differences were not statistically significant. From these results, we gather that vitrectomy is associated with long-term decreases in enzyme activity in the lens. Injection of N-acetylcysteine into the vitreous cavity protects against some of these changes. Antioxidants like N-acetylcysteine may slow or prevent post-vitrectomy cataracts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract  Sixty New Zealand rabbit models with steroid-induced necrosis of femoral head were exposed to a rotating permanent magnetic field (RPMF) (group A1–2 h/d for one month and group A2–2 h/d for two months), and the changes of femoral head, blood viscosity, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and pressure within the hip joint cavity were measured and statistically analysed compared to that of control group (B1 and B2) and sham group (C1 and C2). After RPMF treatment, the osteogenesis regeneration of the necrotic femoral head was markedly improved, as was shown by micro-CT. Blood viscosity, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and pressure in the hip joint cavity were found significantly reduced. RPMF could affect various critical aspects in the course of femoral head necrosis, which will be a promising measure in the prevention and treatment of steroid-induced necrosis of femoral head, especially in the early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this research was to develop a model to predict, at-harvest, the risk of grey mould in pear fruit (Pyrus communis) in long-term cold storage based on multiple variables including: i) density of Botrytis cinerea DNA on fruit surfaces at harvest; ii) fungicide application within 4 weeks before harvest; iii) rainfall within 2 weeks before harvest; and iv) a relative orchard tree-growth and management rating. The model classified grey mould risk as low, moderate, high, or extreme. Data were collected for 2 years in six pear orchards in New Zealand and for 3 years in eight pear orchards in the Mid-Columbia district of Oregon and Washington, USA. Risk predictions varied from low to extreme, and the corresponding grey mould incidence varied from 0.1 to 14.0%. The multiple R-square was 0.973 when all predictors were included. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r s) relating the predicted grey mould risk level to the actual incidence of grey mould in pear fruit was 0.882 (P =0.000). The decay risk prediction model presented herein appears robust and gave reliable predictions of grey mould risk in d''Anjou and Bosc pear fruit from Oregon–Washington and New Zealand in all three years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was to examine the repairing ability of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) artificial bone with different pore sizes. Animal models of bone defects were created in both radii of 60 New Zealand white rabbits. The bone defects in A, B, and C groups were repaired with nano-HA artificial bone with three different pore sizes while those in group D were left unrepaired. The repairing ability of material was evaluated by gross observation, histopathological study, X-ray examination, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and biomechanical analysis in the fourth, eighth, and 12th weeks. Group B stimulated more bone formation than the other groups. Nano-HA artificial bone is capable of good bone formation and biocompatibility. The ability of bone formation of nano-HA artificial bone may be affected significantly by the pore size. The material with pore size in the range of 100 -250 μm has a greater ability to form bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]