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Kunu-zaki is a fermented beverage sold in Nigeria; often prepared under unsafe conditions, predisposing it to pathogen contaminations. The bacteria associated with Kunu-zaki sold in the different area of Port Harcourt and an antibiogram of the pathogens was determined using standard methods involving nutrient agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar, Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar, Eosin-Methylene blue agar and Mueller Hinton agar. The counts for kunu-zaki obtained from Choba, Mile 1, Rumuodara and Rumuokoro ranged from 2.87±0.11 to 5.39±0.19, 4.50±0.27 to 5.46±0.38, 4.02±0.54 to 5.96±0.27 and 4.24±1.13 to 5.94±0.22 log10cfu/ml, respectively. The confirmation of the isolates as: Staphylococcus spp. (27%), Lactobacillus spp. (20%), Streptococcus spp. (17%), Bacillus spp. (17%), E. coli (10%), and Shigella at (10%) was based on cultural and biochemical characteristics. The Gram-negative bacteria were 100% susceptible to pefloxacin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin and tarivid while the Gram-positive bacteria isolates showed varying resistance to the antibiotics with Staphylococcus being the most susceptible. The occurrence of the antibiotic resistance isolates possess danger for potential consumers, hence the need to improve the production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaginal infections constitute a significant health challenge for women and lead to long-term complications if not promptly and adequately treated. We aimed to determine the prevalent organisms in vaginal infections in our women and the antibiotic susceptibility of the offending organisms. Methodology: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 635 consecutive women attending the Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2018. Data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 19. Results: Four hundred and eight (64.3%) of the women were gynaecological patients, while the remaining 227 (35.7%) were obstetric patients. One hundred and ninety-one(30.1%) out of the total 635 study population did not have any growth of the organisms tested for in the culture assay, while the remaining 444 (69.9%) had. One hundred and forty-four of the women(22.2%) had growth of candida Albicans, 130 (20.5%) had staphylococcus aureus, 78 (12.3%) - Klebsiella species (spp), 48 (7.6%) - Escherichia coli, 30 (4.7%) - Pseudomonas species, 8 (1.3%) - Proteus species and 6 (0.9%) of the women had Streptococcus species. The commonest pathogen involved in vaginal infections in women was Candida albicans. The commonest bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus and then Klebsiella species. The bacteria were susceptible to Ceftriaxone, Cefpodoxime, Cefotaxime, Cefixime, Ciprofloxacin, Dorepenem and Ampicillin. They were mainly resistant to cefuroxime, ceftazidime, Augmentin, Erythromycin and Meropenem. Conclusion: Candida albicans is prevalent in our women. Staphyloccocus aureus is the commonest bacterial organism in women with vaginal infections. Empirical antibiotic treatment using Cetriazone, Cefpodoxime and Ciprofloxacin, available in our setting, may be beneficial while awaiting the culture results in women with suspected vaginal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry industry plays an important role in the economy of every nation with poultry products contributing immensely to the protein needs of man. Infectious diseases pose a major challenge to the success of the poultry industry globally, especially in Africa. Salmonellosis is a major disease encountered in livestock production and has continued to be a major source of concern especially with the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistant patterns of Salmonella isolates from poultry reared in Umuahia. Cloacal swabs collected from 100 birds were screened for Salmonellae. Antibiogram was carried out using the disk diffusion method. A prevalence rate of 10% was recorded. All isolates were sensitive to Ofloxacin. Resistance to Augmentin, Amoxicillin and Co-trimoxazole was observed. This study reveals the presence of multidrug resistant organisms that possibly maintain the problem of antimicrobial resistance in the populace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slaughtering methods and practices in Sub-Saharan African countries tend to contribute to the bacterial quality of meat and could be a source of bacterial contamination of meat due to noncompliance with the National Environmental Health Practice Regulations. This study aimed to assess the microbial quality of beef and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles ofisolates from Nsukka and Owerri abattoirs. A completely randomized and a cross-sectional design were adopted. A total of 240 samples from two slaughterhouses (120 meat samples from each slaughterhouse) were collected during 15 visits. The mean aerobic plate and coliform counts of Nsukka meat and Owerri meat abattoirs from the table were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of Nsukka and Owerri abattoirs from the floor, respectively. Verotoxigenic E. coli and Salmonella spp were isolated from the meat on the floor of both abattoirs. The E. coli and Salmonella isolated from both slaughterhouses (Nsukka and Owerri) were resistant to neomycin (57.15%, 40.00% and 53.06%, 14.29%), gentamicin (14.29%, 20.00% and 6.12%, 0%), amoxycillin (100%, 100% and 100%, 66.6%), tetracycline (42.86%, 40.00% and 83.67%, 66.60%), doxycycline (14.29%, 0% and 61.22%, 0%), nitrofuratoin (42.86%, 40.00% and 22.45%, 42.86%), streptomycin (100%, 100% and 83.67%, 71.43%), amoxicillin-clauvulamic acid (100%, 0% and 93.88%, 7%), ciprofloxacin (28.58%, 20.00% and 38.32%, 28.58%) sulphamethazole/trimethoprin (28.57%, 20% and 46.94%, 14.29%). High microbial loads and pathogenic microorganisms have been found in both abattoirs, indicating unsanitary practices. On the other hand, the slaughtering and processing of animals should be improved, regulated, and enforced by the appropriate authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public health threat posed by Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) in food animal production systems has attracted global attention. Data on the prevalence, diversity and genetic characteristics of ESBL-producing coliforms are key to advocacy on promoting responsible antimicrobial stewardship and proper planning of control strategies. The coliforms were isolated from 1052 milk samples of 160 cows, 103 ewes and 103 does with mastitis in Plateau State, Nigeria and analysed for ESBL production by phenotypic, biochemical, antimicrobial sensitivity and genetic characterization. The percentage of occurrence of clinical mastitis in cows, ewes, and does were 0.2 %, 0 %, 1.5 % respectively, while the percentage occur-rence of subclinical mastitis in ruminants were 18.1 %, 28.2 % and 38.3 % respectively. From the 677 isolates, 31.3 % (n = 212) were ESBL producing coliforms, with a prevalence of 48.6 %, 18.4 %, 12.7 %, 8.9 %, 5.7 %, 3.8 % and 1.9 % for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, K. aerogenes, S. marcescens, K. oxytoca and E. cloacae, respectively. The genetic characterization revealed a higher prevalence of blaCTX-M than blaTEM in the samples analysed (24.39 % vs. 12.19 %). High pairwise identity was observed among the blaCTX-M and blaTEM gene sequences obtained in this study, but they displayed high phylodiversity with sequences from ruminants and humans from other climes. The blaSHV gene was not detected. Multidrug resistances especially to the commonly used antimicrobials; ofloxacin, gentamycin and streptomycin in veterinary practice in Nigeria were observed. This has public health implications considering the fact that consumption of raw unpasteurized milk is a common practice in some cultures in Nigeria. Such practise will facilitate the transfer of multidrug resistant coliforms to humans resulting in the complications of treatment outcomes. To the best of our knowledge this is the first genetic characterization of ESBL-producing agents from ruminant mastitis in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by relative or absolute lack of insulin. When this condition is not properly managed, it can lead to complications that make diabetic patients vulnerable to urinary tract infections (UTI). The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of microbiologically confirmed UTI and the spectrum of uropathogens in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with clinical features of UTI attending the two tertiary hospitals in Enugu State, Nigeria. Methodology: Clean catch specimen of single mid-stream urine sample was collected from each of 60 (22 males, 38 females) diabetic and 60 (22 males, 38 females) non-diabetic patients enrolled using stratified random sampling method. The samples were cultured on standard microbiological culture media (MacConkey and Blood agar plates) and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours. Plates with significant bacteria growth (>105 CFU/ml) were processed further for bacterial identification using conventional biochemical test scheme. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of each isolate to 17 selected antibiotics was performed by the modified disc diffusion method. Results: Of the total 120 patients enrolled, 101 had bacterial pathogens isolated from their voided urine samples; 51 of 60 (85.0%) diabetics and 50 of 60 (83.3%) non-diabetics (p=0.802). Bacteria were isolated in 59.1% (13/22) of diabetic and 54.5% (12/22) of non-diabetic male patients compared to 100% (38/38) isolation rate in diabetic and non-diabetic female patients. The most frequently isolated bacteria in the diabetic patients were Proteus spp (18.6%), Klebsiella spp (16.9%) and Escherichia coli (15.5%) while the most frequently isolated bacteria among the nondiabetic patients were E. coli (30.0%), Proteus spp (26.3%) and Enterobacter spp (14.0%). Apart from Klebsiella spp which was more frequently isolated from the diabetic (16.9%) than non-diabetic patients (6%) (p=0.039), the frequency other bacterial pathogen isolation such as Proteus spp, E. coli, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp was not significantly different between the two population groups (p>0.05). The Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were highly sensitive to imipenem in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients, but the isolates from both study groups exhibited low susceptibility to amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, cefixime and cefuroxime. Conclusion: Although the overall frequency of bacterial pathogen isolation in the diabetic and non-diabetic patients was not significantly different, females had a higher pathogen isolation rate than the males, and diabetic females had a higher frequency of polymicrobial infections compared to non-diabetic females and the male population. The high antimicrobial resistance of the isolated bacteria pathogens underscores the need for clinical microbiology laboratory testings to optimize the management of UTI in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this retrospective study, we determined the incidence, serovars, and antibiogram of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 102 clinical stool samples collected from rice water diarrheic patients during an outbreak (May - July 2017) in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. The culture positive rate of the V. cholerae isolates was 41.2%, with 41 and 1 isolates from O1 (Inaba) and non-O1/O139 serogroups, respectively. The isolates were the most susceptible to ciprofloxacin (76.2%) followed by amoxicillin-clavulanate (71.4%). However, all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. In conclusion, V. cholerae O1 was the predominant circulating serogroup exhibiting multi-drug resistance during the outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pseudomonas species are responsible for different healthcare-associated infections and are inherently resistant to many commonly used antibiotics. Hospital antibiograms are either absent or not regularly available in most healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The objective of this study is to present the antibiogram of Pseudomonas isolates in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG) in order to guide antibiotic prescription for better patient safety in the hospital. Methodology: The is a hospital-based cross-sectional study. A total of 4309 bacterial isolates were recovered from aerobic cultures of routine clinical specimens including urine, sputum, blood, swabs, aspirates, biopsies, seminal fluids and cerebrospinal fluids at the Medical Microbiology laboratory of the hospital between January and December 2019. Pseudomonas species were identified by colony morphology, Gram-reaction and conventional biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on each Pseudomonas isolate using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar and results interpreted according to the guideline of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSSTM) software version 23.0. Results: Of the total 4309 bacterial isolates, 436 (10.1%) Pseudomonas species were identified, with majority (49.8%) from urine specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility test results revealed average susceptibility rates of 73.8%, 70.1%, 66.2%, 59.5%, and 34.3% to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin ceftazidime, and carbenicillin respectively. These rates fluctuate only slightly for each of the antibiotic during the 12 months period of survey. Conclusion: Pseudomonas species were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin among the first line antibiotics in FTHG in 2019. Regular updates and presentation of hospital antibiogram especially for intrinsically resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas involved in healthcare associated infections, is an important tool in combating antimicrobial resistance and ensuring patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to characterize Salmonella serovars from commercial pig farms in Benin City, Nigeria. A total of 81 samples were collected from the Agricultural Development Program farms between January and June 2017. Standard culture-based and polymerase chain reaction procedures were adopted in the isolation and identification of Salmonella serovars. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates were conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method with prominent resistance determinants screened for using specific primer sets. The 84 identified Salmonella serovars include 15 Salmonella ser. Enteritidis, 11 Salmonella ser. Typhimurium, and 58 other Salmonella serovars. Phenotypic virulence factors include: hemolytic activity (51.7–100%), lipase activity (48.3–81.8%), protease activity (60.3–100%), gelatinase production (50–90.9%), DNA degrading activity (55.2–90.9%), and S-layer formation (63.8–100%). The biofilm formation profiles include nonbiofilm producers (0–12.1%), weak biofilm producers (0–20%), moderate biofilm producers (24.1–27.3%), and strong biofilm producers (48.3–72.7%). Salmonella serovars in this study harbored resistant determinants, such as tetA, tetC, ampC, sul1, sul2, sul3, floR, ermA, and ermC. The occurrence of resistance phenotype and determinants in pathogenic Salmonella serovars from pig farms is a significant public health concern, which could result in the dissemination of resistant elements within the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:antibiotics resistant bacteria (ARB) is a worldwide problem. Information on ARB associated with diarrheal stool samples from Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria is scare. Methods: this study examines 41 stool samples of diarrhea patients from a selected hospital in Dutsin-Ma. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic information and used antibiotics. Bacteria isolation and antibiotics susceptibility tests were determined using standard microbiological techniques. Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria were selected based on resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. Results: twenty bacteria that include Escherichia coli (n = 15) and Salmonella spp. (n = 5) were isolated. Pediatric age group (0-5 years) showed highest prevalence of 73.3 and 60% respectively. Illiterate patients showed highest (60%) frequency of Salmonella spp. Tetracycline was mostly observed for treating diarrhea among patients; high resistance to amoxicillin (80%), ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (73.3%) was noticed in E. coli. To each of amoxicillin and ampicillin, 100% resistance was observed among Salmonella spp. Two and one MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. were identified respectively. Conclusion: high occurrence of studied bacteria among infants and aged adults coupled with some displaying MDR characteristics calls for urgent public health attention, hence, comprehensive studies are needed for the determination of molecular epidemiology of these bacteria for public health surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacteriological, mycological quality assessment and proximate composition of selected brands of yoghurt within Kaduna metropolis was investigated. A total of fifteen (15) samples were collected; three (3) samples from five (5) different brands were purchased and analyzed in the laboratory for proximate composition using standard techniques, total bacterial and fungal counts using pour plate methods. Identification and characterization of the bacterial isolates were done using cultural, morphological and biochemical tests and mycological identification using macroscopic and microscopic technique after staining with lactophenol cotton blue. Antibiogram of selected antibiotics/antifungal agents against the bacteria and fungi isolates were investigated. The result from the proximate composition revealed that sample A had a percentage moisture, ash,protein,fat,fiberand carbohydrate contents of 89.90%,0.42%,3.40%,2.29%, 0.26% and 3.73% respectively. Sample B had a moisture content of 89.12%, ash content (0.40%), protein content (3.44%), fat content (3.11%), fiber content (0.24%) and carbohydrate content of 3.69%, while Sample C had a moisture content of 90.01%, ash content (0.39%), protein content (3.10%), fat content (3.02%), fiber content (0.23%) and carbohydrate content of 3.25%. Out of the fifteen (15) yoghurt samples analyzed, thirteen (13) of the samples recorded bacteria growth in the range of 1.36x103 - 9.6x103 CFU/mL and 1.04x104 - 9.6x104 CFU/mL for aerobic mesophilic count while nine (9) of the yoghurt samples recorded growth in the range of 1.0x103 - 6.0x103 CFU/mL for total fungal count. The bacterial isolates were identified asBacillussp., Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Bacillus sp. was the predominant bacteria isolate in the yoghurt samples analyzed.Enterobacter aerogenes was the predominant coliform bacteria isolated. The species of fungi isolates were Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma sp. The results of the antibiogram revealed that Streptococcus thermophilus was susceptible to all the antibiotics used and Bacillus sp. was susceptible to all but with exception of Rocephin at (25μg), Lactobacillus bulgaricus was susceptible to Pefloxacin (10μg), Gentamicin (10μg), Zinnacef (20μg), Rocephin (25μg), Streptomycin (30μg) and Erythromycin (10μg) while staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to Pefloxacin (10μg), Ampiclox (30μg), Ciprofloxacin (10μg), Streptomycin (30μg), Septirin (30μg) and Erythromycin (10μg). Aspergillus sp. and, Mucor sp. were susceptible to all the antifungal drugs tested and Rhizopus sp., was resistant to only Fluconazole (25μg) while Trichoderma sp. was susceptible to only Amphotericin B (20μg). The presence of coliforms is an indication of faecal contamination of the yoghurt samples analyzed. Proper care should be taken in storage and handling of yogurt products. The application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCPs) systems/concepts in the process of yoghurt production will help in eradication of contaminations and guarantee safety of the products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: "suya" and smoked fish are cherished food delicacies in Nigeria, but can be a source of dissemination of Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria. Moreover, there are limited studies on these MDR bacteria from Dutsin-Ma. Therefore, this study examined the bacteriological qualities and antibiogram profiles of bacteria in these foods from this area in Nigeria. Methods: twenty samples of each of "suya" and smoked fish were collected from the study areas and microbiologically analyzed. Total viable count, coliform count, characterization and identification of bacteria were carried out by standard microbiological techniques. Results: findings revealed that "suya" samples possessed the highest total viable bacteria count (3.4×105 to 7.7×105 cfu/g) and coliform count (2.1×105 to 6.2×105 cfu/g). A total of 85 and 78 bacteria were isolated from "suya" and smoked fish samples respectively. E. coli (24.7% and 24.4%) was the most frequently isolated from each sample respectively. Highest (66.7%) resistance to each of cefuroxime, gentamicin, amoxillin/clavulanate and ciprofloxacin were observed among E. coli from "suya". MDR phenotypes commonly isolated was resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, augmentin and nitrofurantoin. Conclusion: these studies showed the presence of MDR bacteria in samples, hence, raise the need for improved production hygiene and public health awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria represent a global medical challenge, having reduced or threatened to completely eliminate the list of reserved, last-resort agents usually deployed in serious and/or life-threatening infections. Even newer and very potent antibiotics are not spared from the emergence of resistant strains of organisms. In this study, the antibiotic resistance profile and the plasmid profile of some multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria strains isolated from the urine samples of fifty volunteers (ages 15-30) from a community in south eastern Nigeria were analyzed. Eight multidrug-resistant bacteria were isolated from the 50 urine samples, of which approximately 60% showed resistance to nitrofurantion, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, gentamicin, ampiclox and erythromycin. The MIC of the isolated S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella species to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, and co-trimoxazole were greater than 500 μg/ml. Plasmid profile studies revealed the presence of R-plasmids of size range 11-18 kb. The cultures of resistant isolates irreversibly lost their antibiotic resistance with acridine orange and SDS treatment, which suggests that the resistant genes could be harboured in the plasmids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) present with high morbidity and reduce patient's quality of life. There is a gross paucity of data on biofilm-producing bacteria in DFU Infection in North-Western Nigeria. The study sought to determine the biofilm-forming ability of bacteria isolates from DFUs and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Zaria, North-Western Nigeria., Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study of patients with DFUs was conducted from June 2018 to February 2020. Consecutive biopsies were aseptically collected. Bacteria were isolated and identified using a Microgen kit. Biofilm forming ability and antibiogram of isolates were determined using microtitre plate and disk diffusion methods, respectively., Results: Of the 225 participants enrolled, males constituted the majority, 144 (64.0%) with 88 (36.0%) females, the median age of participants was 54 (48-60) years, and the age range was 36-77 years. A total of 172 bacteria were isolated, and 123 (71.5%) were biofilm producers. Staphylococcus aureus (26.7%) was the highest biofilm producer, while Citrobacter freundii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were the least biofilm producers, 1 (0.6%) each. A disproportionate resistance pattern was demonstrated among the biofilm and non-biofilm producers against the cephalosporins tested, ceftazidime (68% vs. 18%), ceftriaxone (50% vs. 8.0%) and cefotaxime (21% vs. 0.0%). About 46% and 68% of the biofilm producers were resistant to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. While only 2% of the non-biofilm producers were resistant to imipenem, 11% of the biofilm producers were resistant to it., Conclusion: These findings revealed a high proportion of biofilm-producing bacteria and were more resistant than non-biofilm producers., Competing Interests: None