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Historically, political and social forces have strategically converged to directly influence the formulation and implementation of education policies that seek to equalize educational opportunities for members of minority groups. Such has been the case with school desegregation efforts. Since the 1954 Brown Decision, powerful interest groups have sought and secured the assistance of the courts in providing legal support in abandoning desegregation initiatives. Unfortunately, fifty years after Brown, legal scholars and social scientists continue to debate the merits of school desegregation mandates. As the debate intensifies, desegregation policies continue to be scrutinized and quietly dismantled. As we watch, the public schools resegregate, it is obvious that the promises of Brown have not been fulfilled. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the achievement gap between resegregated and desegregated schools in the city of Norfolk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1990s many school districts abandoned school desegregation initiatives and quietly resegregated the public schools. In 1986, the city of Norfolk ended mandated busing for desegregation and returned to neighborhood schools. This shift resulted in the creation of 11 schools that were more than 95 percent African American. After 17 years of resegregation, the achievement gap between resegregated schools and desegregated schools continues to exist.. The purpose of this paper is to examine the trends in the achievement gap between resegregated and desegregated schools in the Norfolk Public schools District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the observations of cone penetration testing (CPT), in situ vane shear testing and undrained triaxial testing of underconsolidated marine clay in the Craney Island Dredged Material Management Area (CIDMMA), Norfolk, VA. Comparison of vane shear measurements, taken during 1981–1983, to CPT measurements, taken during 1993, indicates a change in undrained shear strength. Both the vane shear and cone penetration resistances are lowest at the mid-heights of the clay layers and the excess pore water pressures are highest at the mid-height of the clay layers, indicating that the clay layer is underconsolidated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reports on the fifty-second conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research held on May 15-18, 1997 in Norfolk, Virginia. The conference focused on the future of survey research on new methods of data collection, problems in maintaining response rates, and the latest methods for developing questionnaires. And there were many papers on that highly visible test of the accuracy of surveys related with the presidential elections. The session, entitled "Controversies in Pre-Election Polling," featured researchers C. Everett Ladd, Kathy Frankovic, Frank Newport, and John Zogby. Frank Newport, from the Gallup Organization, led off the session. He presented statistics on the margin of error in the presidential poll results going back to the 1940s. Several other sessions concerned the problems and impact of different modes of data collection. Two of these focused on the latest technology for doing surveys, the uses of the Internet for collecting data and disseminating the results. Two other sessions explored the impact of computer-assisted interviewing.