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Imleria is a small genus of Boletaceae found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere characterized by the light to dark brown hymenophore that stains blue. In Florida, specimens of Imleria were collected that resembled I. badia , a species known primarily from northeastern North America and Europe. Five nuclear loci of these Florida specimens were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. A nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) phylogeny of Imleria was generated using primarily uncultured environmental sequences to confirm ectomycorrhizal associations. Based on morphological and molecular data, we describe a new species, Imleria floridana . Results from these analyses also support the new combination Imleria pallida . A lectotype of I. pallida is also established from Charles H. Peck's original material. We discuss the distinguishing characters and species of Imleria found in North America and provide a key to the known worldwide species of Imleria .

The leccinoid fungi are boletes and related sequestrate mushrooms (Boletaceae, Basidiomycota) that have traditionally been placed in Leccinum, Boletus, Leccinellum , and a handful of other less familiar genera. These mushrooms generally feature scabers or scaber-like dots on the surface of the stipe, and they are often fairly tall and slender when compared with other boletes. They are ectomycorrhizal fungi and appear to be fairly strictly associated with specific trees or groups of related trees. In the present study, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships among the leccinoid fungi and other members of the family Boletaceae using portions of three loci from nuc 28S rDNA (28S), translation elongation factor 1-α ( TEF1 ), and the RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit ( RPB2 ). Two DNA data sets (combined 28S- TEF1 and 28S- TEF1-RPB2 ), comprising sequences from nearly 270 voucher specimens, were evaluated using two different phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference). Five major clades were obtained, and leccinoid fungi appeared in four of them. Taxonomic proposals supported by our results, representing a broadly circumscribed Leccinum that includes several sequestrate genera, along with Leccinellum , are made.

In this study, 49 species of Hydnum are recognized worldwide. Twenty-two of them are described here as new species. Epitypes are proposed for H. repandum and H. rufescens. The majority of the species are currently known only from a single continent. The barcodes produced in this study are deposited in the RefSeq database and used as a basis to name species hypotheses in UNITE. Eleven infrageneric clades recovered in a phylogenetic analysis are supported by morphological characteristics and formally recognized: subgenera Alba, Hydnum, Pallida, and Rufescentia; sections Hydnum, Olympica, Magnorufescentia, and Rufescentia; and subsections Mulsicoloria, Rufescentia, and Tenuiformia.

The Phellinus igniarius complex corresponds to Phellinus s.s., a well supported clade in the polyphyletic Phellinus s.l. studied worldwide. Recently a molecular phylogeny of this complex was performed for the European and North American species. In this study we expand the taxon samplings of the P. igniarius complex to include 59, seven and 12 additional collections originating from China, Czech Republic and USA, respectively. We generated 78 nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and 42 translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1α) sequences. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic (combined ITS and tef1α dataset) analyses, Phellinus monticola, P. orientoasiaticus, P. padicola, P. parmastoi and P. pomaceoides are newly described and illustrated from China and USA. Phellinus pseudoigniarius is treated as a later synonym of P. igniarius, whereas Phellinus betulinus subsp. betulinus is accepted as P. betulinus. A total of 15 species are accepted in the P. igniarius complex worldwide. Of them, 10 species are distributed in eastern Asia, eight in Europe and six in North America. The taxonomy, phylogeny, host associations and geographic distributions of these 15 species are briefly discussed., (© 2016 by The Mycological Society of America.)

Alpova diplophloeus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) is the only currently recognized Alpova in North America with a brownish peridium, large gleba chambers and which forms ectomycorrhizas with Alnus. However, A. diplophloeus as currently circumscribed is a polyphyletic species, with at least three distinct genetic entities. Using a combination of molecular and morphological characters, we examined the type collections of A. diplophloeus, as well as species synonymized with it, including A. cinnamomeus and Rhizopogon parvisporus. We also examined several other collections of A. diplophloeus complex basidiomata. We describe A. diplophloeus sensu stricto; we also resurrect A. cinnamomeus, synonymized with R. parvisporus and describe a new species, A. concolor, from the complex., (© 2014 by The Mycological Society of America.)

The European species Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus were subjected to a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences. Morphological characters of the species are discussed in the light of the phylogenetic results. In addition to a broad sampling within Europe, some Asian and North American taxa also were included in the analysis. Eight European species are confirmed molecularly: L. lignyotus, L. acris, L. azonites, L. pterosporus, L. ruginosus, L. romagnesii, L. fuliginosus and L. picinus. Except the sibling species L. fuliginosus and L. picinus, all are morphologically distinct. Our results suggest that L. fuliginosus is associated exclusively with broadleaf trees and L. picinus with conifers, but this putative difference in host specificity needs to be investigated further. Lactarius subruginosus turns out to be a synonym of either L. pterosporus or L. ruginosus. The position of Lactarius terenopus remains to be clarified. The North American taxa that are closely related to the European L. lignyotus (L. fallax, L. lignyotus var. canadensis, var. nigroviolascens, var. marginatus) are not resolved. Intercontinental conspecificity was demonstrated between Europe and northern Asia but was not found between Europe and southern Asia or between Europe and North America. A taxonomic subdivision of L. subg. Plinthogalus based on the height of the spore ornamentation should be rejected.

Bothia is described as a new genus in the Boletaceae based on Boletinus castanellus described by C.H. Peck from eastern North America. A widespread, occasionally encountered taxon, Bothia castanella possesses a combination of macro- and microscopic features that has prompted past placement in seven different genera. Yet, as a species it is readily recognizable with its chestnut brown, dry pileus, decurrent, pale brown hymenophore with radially elongated tubes, a short, sometimes eccentric, exannulate stipe, yellow brown spore deposit and constant association with Quercus. Phylogenetic analyses of large subunit rDNA and BLAST searches using the ITS region confirm the placement of B. castanella as a unique generic lineage in the Boletaceae.