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This study draws on environmental and energy justice research to develop the analysis of energy infrastructure opposition from a justice perspective. A comprehensive data set of 70 cases of opposition to socioenvironmental effects of proposed electricity power lines in North America was developed. The analysis of strategic frames used by opposition groups provides the basis for an evaluation of theoretical categories of justice, their empirical operationalization, and their limits. Four categories of justice are associated with eight of the 12 main types of frames. In turn, frames are connected to types of opposition actors in the analysis of sequences of justice-related actions and outcomes. Subnational governments are important actors in many cases that have outcomes of remediation and/or a decision not to build the line. Coalition breadth and opposition from federal government actors, marginalized groups, and environmentalists are also associated with those outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulator contamination remains an important technical problem because contamination-caused insulator flashovers may jeopardize the security of high voltage power systems. This paper updates an insulator selection guide with respect to contamination first published 25 years ago. As in that guide, this update relates primarily to contamination conditions in North America. Results of research that have led to a better understanding of contamination-caused flashovers, particularly for some types of nonceramic insulators are summarized. Assessment techniques for site severity are discussed. Even though they have improved significantly, no leading method has emerged. Artificial contamination test methods have been standardized. Mitigation techniques are discussed for extreme contamination-caused dangers, including important new knowledge regarding ice and snow flashover voltage reduction. caused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]