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Fake news can have enduring effects on memory and beliefs. An ongoing theoretical debate has investigated whether corrections (fact-checks) should include reminders of fake news. The familiarity backfire account proposes that reminders hinder correction (increasing interference), whereas integration-based accounts argue that reminders facilitate correction (promoting memory integration). In three experiments, we examined how different types of corrections influenced memory for and belief in news headlines. In the exposure phase, participants viewed real and fake news headlines. In the correction phase, participants viewed reminders of fake news that either reiterated the false details (complete) or prompted recall of missing false details (partial); reminders were followed by fact-checked headlines correcting the false details. Both reminder types led to proactive interference in memory for corrected details, but complete reminders produced less interference than partial reminders (Experiment 1). However, when participants had fewer initial exposures to fake news and experienced a delay between exposure and correction, this effect was reversed; partial reminders led to proactive facilitation, enhancing correction (Experiment 2). This effect occurred regardless of the delay before correction (Experiment 3), suggesting that the effects of partial reminders depend on the number of prior fake news exposures. In all experiments, memory and perceived accuracy were better when fake news and corrections were recollected, implicating a critical role for integrative encoding. Overall, we show that when memories of fake news are weak or less accessible, partial reminders are more effective for correction; when memories of fake news are stronger or more accessible, complete reminders are preferable.

Teacher residencies have been an ongoing discussion in the educator preparation world for nearly a decade. This paper describes a promising practice in program design at a university that offers alternative pathways to licensure to meet the demands of school districts, especially in economically disadvantaged communities in one region of the United States. The one-year residency model was developed to address the teacher shortage in a state with growing teacher attrition. Aligned with recent legislation that created a residency license, a traditional educator preparation program examined its strengths and incorporated the most critical needs for novice teacher success to offer a one-year teacher residency as an alternative pathway. The residency model was co-constructed with school district personnel and teacher education faculty to focus on the most critical dimensions of teaching that include planning, instruction, and assessment. After one year, the feedback from school district personnel included high favor for readiness to teach. Residency candidates reported increased self-efficacy. The residency program has implications for future research and potential replication at other institutions of higher education.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is as prevalent or more so as reported by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals compared with non-LGBTQ individuals. Yet largely due to prior harmful and nonaffirming experiences with service providers, they are reluctant to seek services from domestic violence service providers (DVSP). These factors, combined with the reality that those who do seek services may not be provided with safe, affirming, and effective responses, exacerbate the impact of IPV on LGBTQ health and recovery. The "North Carolina (NC) LGBTQ Domestic Violence Response Initiative" (NC Initiative) was developed to increase DVSP capacity to serve LGBTQ survivors. This article describes the first four phases of the Initiative's development: (1) formative focus group research with DVSPs statewide, identifying agencies' interest in improving their responses to LGBTQ survivors; (2) Initiative launch, including funding and identification of partners; (3) development of capacity assessment tools; and (4) review of baseline capacity assessment findings. The development of tools, specifically designed to assess capacity of DVSPs to serve LGBTQ survivors, is a unique contribution as no tools existed to do so. The common capacity-building needs and data-informed recommendations identified provide a starting point for agencies expanding into LGBTQ-focused work, who may not have the benefit of grant funding, tools, or evaluators to assist. Our findings, lessons learned, and tools may be used by agencies to evaluate and inform their own practices, thereby creating safer, more affirming agencies that are capable provide effective care to meet unique needs of LGBTQ survivors.

This qualitative study utilized purposive sampling across the state of North Carolina to examine the practices of early childhood administrators in creating centers that were inclusive to gay and lesbian headed families. Data from four open-ended questions were analyzed to consider the use of picture books, promotional materials, and training for staff that were lesbian and gay parent focused. As well, a fourth question that asked for any feedback the participants wished to share revealed underlying beliefs and values of the NC administrators. Results indicated a continuum of practices that tended toward heterosexism and homophobia with limited lesbian and gay affirming practices reported. Implications include the need to increase training availability, increase LGBT content in early childhood preparation programs, and creation of policies that are inclusive to lesbian and gay headed families in early childhood settings.

This qualitative case study examines the personal experiences of the authors as members of an informal support group during the dissertation phase of their doctoral process. The group consisted of four Caucasian women ranging in age from 33 to 51 years of age when the group formed. Group e-mail messages in the form of archival data taken from their electronic conversations were analyzed, and thematic analysis with constant comparison resulted in three themes emerging: motivation, attachment, and cooperation. The depth of each theme is explored, and personal stories from each author are presented. The article concludes with recommendations that colleges and universities seek ways to encourage cohort group development, both in online and traditional graduate programs.

This study examined the attitudes, preparation, and comfort of early childhood administrators in working with gay and lesbian (GL) parented families and the use of GL inclusive practices within centers. Data were gathered from 203 participants in the state of North Carolina using an online survey. Overall, administrators held a positive attitude towards GLs. Specifically, administrators with higher levels of education held a more positive attitude towards lesbians than gay men. Attitudes also correlated highly with administrator's comfort in working with GL parented families and use of inclusive practices within their center; however, it did not correlate with preparation or training in the field. Participants who identified themselves as very religious had lower scores on all measures used within the study, compared to administrators who were somewhat religious or not religious. Finally, most of the inclusive strategies implemented within centers were perfunctory, which required minimal change and effort by administrators.

While the literature on entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs) proliferates, we still do not understand whether local ESOs benefit some founders more than others. Drawing on organizational sponsorship and inclusive ecosystems literatures, this paper empirically examines whether founder characteristics of gender, immigrant, and racial minority group membership moderate the relationship between participation in different types of ESO services (incubator, mentoring, and education programs) and funding received from state, federal, and venture capital (VC) sources. Relying on a detailed database of life sciences firms founded in North Carolina's Research Triangle region, the paper uncovers how funding outcomes differ depending on the funding source and the moderating ESO and founder traits. The paper concludes with practical implications for how women, immigrant, and minority founders may be better supported by ESOs for broader, inclusive ecosystem building. Plain English Summary: Do entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs) have different benefits for different founders? This paper finds the answer is yes, which has implications for how to create a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem. While the literature continues to reveal more about the role of organizations like accelerators, business incubators, and mentoring programs for entrepreneurial success, we lack understanding of the different roles these organizations might play in fostering more inclusive entrepreneurial regions. This research analyzes whether women, immigrant, and racial minority founders benefit differently from participating in different types of mainstream entrepreneurial support organization programs including incubation, education, and mentoring. Results show great variation in how founders benefit from these programs with implications for inclusive ecosystem building. Since these organizations are often publicly funded or supported, the findings have implications for policy and economic development practice as well as for entrepreneurial firm strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little information exists regarding the mental health needs of student artists. This study compared psychological symptoms and diagnoses of college students in 3 conservatories (n = 607) with those of college students in traditional colleges and universities (n = 87,105). The study found no difference in psychological symptoms except for increased stress among art students. The study also found that art students in these conservatories were more likely to make use of counseling services than students at traditional schools.

The present study assessed preschool teachers' attitudes towards homosexuality, their comfort levels in working with same sex parents and their children, their action orientation and preparedness to work on this topic. Twenty teachers from public schools and 20 from private child care settings in North Carolina, USA, participated in the study. Two standardised surveys were used to gather data. Overall, teachers seemed to hold a positive attitude towards homosexuality. However, European American teachers were more positive in their attitudes than their African American counterparts. Further, most teachers' comfort in working with gay and lesbian parents and their disposition towards being action oriented were only significant at the attitudinal level. Teachers' comfort and action orientation were not significantly correlated with each other. Additionally, older teachers (in terms of age and years of experience) attributed college preparation to be an important factor in their preparation of this topic. Teachers did not differ significantly on any of the measures related to their work settings. Discussed are the various factors that might have contributed to these findings. The implications of these findings for the field of early childhood education and suggestions for future research are also highlighted.

Using data on 509 inmates, assessed the extent that commonly used background and psychometric variables influenced prisoner promotion to minimum security settings. Found psychopathic deviate scores to have the greatest impact. Derived a computer program to improve promotion decisions by identifying recommendations inconsistent with an inmate's background and psychometric data. (RJM)

Coastal foredunes form via biophysical feedbacks between sand accretion and burial‐tolerant vegetation and can protect coastlines from hazards such as extreme storms and sea level rise. Predicting how coastal dunes, and the services they provide, will change in the future requires an understanding of the relative roles of the physical and ecological processes that shape their structure and function. Here we assess the relative roles of sand supply, beach morphology, and vegetation in determining foredune morphology, and its change, along a 300‐km stretch of the US Central Atlantic coast. In particular, we used the spatial variability inherent in beaches and dunes of this region to determine the relative importance of shoreline change rate (SCR; a proxy for sand supply to the beach), beach morphology, and grass density of four widespread dune grasses (Uniola paniculata, Ammophila breviligulata, Panicum amarum, and Spartina patens) to foredune morphology metrics (height, width, and aspect ratio) along the North Carolina Outer Banks barrier islands. Foredune morphology and change metrics are correlated with three main factors: multidecadal SCR (1997–2016), beach slope, and dune grass density and species identity. Multidecadal SCR and beach width explained the most variation in, and were positively correlated with, foredune height and width, and were negatively correlated with foredune aspect ratio (height divided by width). In addition, grass density and changes in grass density contributed significantly to foredune morphology change. We found a positive relationship between change in A. breviligulata density and foredune width, which aligns with previous studies on the US Atlantic and Pacific Northwest coasts. Our results demonstrate the interactive roles of beach sand supply and dune grass functional morphology in dune building processes on highly vulnerable coastlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal dunes are dynamic features that are continuously evolving due to constructive (e.g., wind- and wave-driven sediment transport) and destructive (e.g., elevated total water levels during storm events) processes. However, the relative importance of these processes in determining dune evolution is often poorly understood. In this study, ten lidar datasets from 1997 to 2016 are used to determine the relative role of erosion and accretion processes driving foredune change on the coast of Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, USA. Beach and dune morphometrics reveal that dune toe locations have generally retreated since 1997, while dune crest heights accreted by 0.01-0.02 m/year. We develop three univariate metrics that represent (1) the potential for erosion, i.e., total water level impact hours per year, (2) accretion, i.e., dune building hours per year, and (3) the relative net effect of foredune accretion and erosion processes, i.e., constructive-destructive dune forcing (CDDF) ratio, and test the correlative power of these metrics in explaining changes in foredune morphology. The total water level impact hours per year metric explained as much as 66% and 67% of the variance in dune crest and toe elevations, respectively, across the nearly two decades of dune evolution. The greatest number of dune building hours per year and largest dunes within the study site co-occurred at locations exposed to the dominant cross-shore wind direction as a result of varying shoreline orientation. The CDDF ratio was positively correlated to changes in the dune toe elevation in approximately 70% of dunes within the study site, outperforming the impact and dune building hours per year metrics. Our results show that these three metrics can provide first-order estimates of dune morphometric change across multiple spatial and temporal scales, which may be particularly useful at sites where lidar acquisition is intermittent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Persons with mental illness have poorer oral health and are less likely to receive oral health care than those in the general population. A comprehensive understanding of barriers to and facilitators of accessing oral health care from a multidisciplinary perspective is lacking. The authors of this qualitative study sought to explore barriers and facilitators in addressing the oral health needs of individuals with mental illness from the perspectives of patients, psychiatrists, and dentists.Methods: A thematic content analysis approach was used to triangulate the perspectives of the three groups. Face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted in 2018-2019 with patients with mental illness (N=20), psychiatrists (N=20), and dentists (N=25) at an academic medical campus in rural eastern North Carolina. Participants were recruited until thematic saturation for each group was reached.Results: Reported barriers to oral health care were categorized under emerging themes: access to dental care, fear of dental care, characteristics of mental illness, lack of oral health screening by psychiatrists, lack of education and training, stigma of mental illness, and lack of communication. Facilitators of oral health care were linked to the reported need for education and training, financial support, dentists' chairside manner, community support, and interprofessional communication.Conclusions: The findings highlight health system gaps between oral health and mental health. The barriers and facilitators identified can help inform the development of interventions to improve oral health of patients with mental illness. Interventions should include interdisciplinary education and training, improved communication, and strategies to reduce financial barriers and anxiety in dental practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continual population declines in northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) have prompted the use of population restoration techniques in conjunction with habitat management to restore their populations. We tested the site familiarity hypothesis to determine if translocation to new environments affected offspring survival and growth rates of bobwhites. We used bobwhites from north Florida and translocated them to a study site in Brunswick County, North Carolina, USA, and monitored birds during April−October 2016 and April−October 2017. We used the corral capture method and modified‐suture technique to capture and radio‐tag chicks to evaluate offspring growth and survival rates of resident and translocated bobwhites. Offspring survival varied by year and age. We did not find any difference in offspring survival rates of resident and translocated individuals, lending no support to the site familiarity hypothesis with regards to survival. Offspring of resident bobwhites did not grow at a faster rate than offspring of translocated bobwhites, indicating a lack of support for the site familiarity hypothesis in terms of physiological development. Survival, however, is a more important metric for determining post‐translocation population dynamics, and our results indicated that translocated bobwhites can reproduce and raise offspring similar to resident counterparts, but both had low survival. © 2019 The Wildlife Society. There were no differences in offspring survival rates of resident and translocated bobwhites post‐release. These results suggest that translocated bobwhites are able to successfully reproduce immediately post‐release and contribute to population growth and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exurban development (i.e., low-density residential housing) comprises at least 25% of the contiguous United States and disturbs the natural landscape, typically impairing habitat for forest interior songbirds and creating habitat for urban-adapted species. However, it is poorly known how exurban development affects shrubland birds, which require disturbance to create habitat (i.e., early successional vegetation). Therefore, our objective was to explore landscape patterns associated with shrubland bird occupancy in a forested region undergoing extensive exurban development. To address this objective, we conducted point counts across a natural–exurban gradient in Macon County, North Carolina, USA, and measured 8 land-cover covariates within 200 m and 1,000 m of survey sites. The covariates were percent canopy cover (CANOPY), contagion (CONTAG), percent of the landscape (PLAND) that was developed (DEV), elevation (ELEV), PLAND forest (FOREST), forest edge density (ED_DF), Simpson's landscape diversity index (SIDI), and PLAND shrub (SHRUB). We modeled occupancy for 12 shrubland species using a hierarchical occupancy model that accounts for falsepositive detections. We fit a global model that incorporated all non-collinear covariates and used stochastic search variable selection to determine which covariates showed a relationship with occupancy. The most frequently selected covariate was CANOPY (8 species), followed by ELEV (5 species), DEV (4 species), SIDI (3 species), and CONTAG (2 species). CANOPY and DEV were negatively associated with occupancy. SIDI and CONTAG are both metrics of landscape heterogeneity; heterogeneity was positively associated with occupancy. Additionally, of the study species, generalists showed the highest occupancy rates, while specialists showed the lowest occupancy rates. We suggest that the associations between occupancy and canopy cover and landscape heterogeneity are logical because natural disturbance, in addition to creating early successional habitat, decreases canopy cover and increases landscape heterogeneity. Furthermore, we suggest that exurban development can drive these patterns, but, given the negative (or neutral) relationship between DEV and shrubland bird occupancy, we hypothesize that exurban development as a form of disturbance does not generate early successional habitat. We conclude that exurban development will benefit only a small subset of urban-adapted shrubland species without creating habitat for most shrubland birds, despite exerting considerable disturbance to forested landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. There are substantial health inequities for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people compared to their straight/cisgendered counterparts. As evidence of these inequities has become unequivocal, better strategies to address them are needed. One approach is to leverage communications and media advocacy efforts to raise awareness about inequities. However, some research suggests that highlighting health inequities can have negative consequences. This study aimed to explore how LGBT leaders view communication about health inequities. Method. We used an inductive qualitative approach and conducted 12 semistructured phone interviews with LGBT community leaders in North Carolina between September and October 2017. Results. Four themes emerged in the data. There was support for reporting health differences between LGBT and straight/cisgendered people to raise awareness of health issues facing LGBT communities. However, participants were concerned about the stigmatizing effects of messages and worried about their effectiveness. Conclusion. Emphasizing health differences between LGBT and straight people can be problematic; our findings suggest that health educators (1) must be cautious, (2) must be aware of the audience, and (3) should consider focusing messages on finding a solution to the identified problem. Future work should explore how to best craft messages that address health inequities for LGBT communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Innovation in local economic development strategy is necessary to support struggling regions and foster growth across municipalities with varying resources and needs. This paper presents a case of innovation in local economic development strategy to illustrate how institutional entrepreneurship can be used as a tool to help local governments innovatively approach economic development strategy. Through the creation of the Wireless Research Center of North Carolina, institutional entrepreneurs transformed the institutionalized role for local government in economic development, while simultaneously creating a new institutional form that would support local development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2002, the Partnership for 21st Century Skills has been the leading advocacy organization in the United States focused on infusing 21st century skills into education. Its "Framework for 21st Century Learning," the result of a consensus among hundreds of stakeholders, describes the skills, knowledge, and expertise students need to succeed in work and life. Here, the author spells out the goals of this partnership.

Coastal dunes provide many ecosystem services including protection of infrastructure from wave overtopping and habitat for native species. Foredunes grow at different rates and assume different forms (i.e., short and wide to tall and narrow) depending on a range of factors including pre-existing beach and dune morphology, wind, wave, and water levels, sediment grain size, and vegetation characteristics, yet the relative importance of these factors on foredune growth is understudied. Here, we quantify foredune evolution (2016–2019) and explore the relative influence of a suite of metocean, sedimentary, and ecological factors for dune growth on three barrier islands in the U.S. North Carolina Outer Banks (Cape Lookout National Seashore). We incorporate observed and hindcast wind, wave, and water level data into the process-based, coupled beach-dune evolution model, Windsurf, to explore the relative contribution of factors likely to influence foredune growth at the annual timescale (2016–2017). Our cross-shore topographic profile observations show varied interannual foredune change rates and characteristics, including horizontal retreat and progradation at the dune toe and vertical erosion and accretion at the dune crest. Model results indicate that, of the factors explored, pre-existing morphology had the greatest influence on the type of foredune growth that occurred (i.e., incipient dune development, widening of the dune, and/or vertical accretion), which dramatically altered the final shape of the dune. Variations in wind and wave climates were associated with the relative contribution of marine- and aeolian-driven bed elevation changes and were particularly influential during storms. In addition, increases in the minimum elevation of vegetation on the dune profile (analogous to the cross-shore distance between the shoreline and established vegetation line, i.e., the vegetation limit, as coined by Duran and Moore, 2013) increased dune crest height and dune volume. Moreover, variations in the minimum vegetation elevation resulted in a larger range of dune crest elevations and dune volumes than differences in the median sand grain size. We suggest that insights into the relative influence of metocean, sedimentary, and ecological factors to dune growth can assist in the development of practical coastal management strategies. • Pre-existing beach-dune morphology had the largest influence on dune growth type. • Exposure to the dominant wave direction led to increased dune volume. • Higher minimum vegetation elevation and finer sand resulted in taller dunes. • Minimum vegetation elevation influenced dune growth more than sand grain size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides the findings of a program evaluation of the Youth Public Arts Program, a long-standing community-based art program that serves at-risk youth in eastern North Carolina. The program evaluation was undertaken to examine the art skills, social and interpersonal skills, and community involvement of the participants. The study included four focus groups and telephone surveys with a total of 38 stakeholders (program participants, parents of participants, program staff, and referral sources). Results indicated that the at-risk youth had gains in both interpersonal and intrapersonal skills, including family relationships, peer relationships, community interaction, increased art skills, confidence, and self-regulation. This article adds to the very limited literature on community-based art programs for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents older adults’ sources of health information, describes the purposes for health information seeking, and delineates gender and ethnic variation in health information seeking. Sixty-two African American and White adults aged 65 and older completed qualitative interviews describing their use of complementary therapies. Interviews identified how individuals obtained and shared health information. Friends, not family, were the dominant source of health information. Participants ranged from active seekers to passive consumers of health information. Information seeking was common for benign symptoms. More women than men discuss health information with others. Friends are the primary source of health information for rural older adults. There is substantial passivity in the pursuit of health information. Identifying health information sources of rural older adults can support the dissemination of information to those who share it with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the attributes of shelters used by Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in two 500-m stretches of the French Broad River basin in North Carolina during June 2010. We quantified attributes at each Hellbender shelter and at a corresponding unoccupied shelter located <25 m away to determine whether the attributes selected differed from those available in the surrounding environment. We identified 41 Hellbender shelters, each occupied by a single animal. Hellbenders selected shelters that had larger cover rocks and deeper cavities than the unoccupied shelters. No other attributes differed between occupied and unoccupied shelters, and there were no significant relationships between total length of Hellbenders and size of the cover rock or cavity depth. All Hellbender shelters were formed by large rocks with flat bottoms. Most had a single entrance that was oriented downstream and a cavity floor consisting of sand and gravel. Shelters were generally located in shallow, fast-flowing water with <10% of their surface area embedded in the substrate. Our results suggest that Hellbenders prefer shelters with attributes that maximize cavity space. Larger cavities likely provide greater protection from predators and greater concealment from sunlight. In addition, larger cavities allow more space for Hellbenders to rock back and forth to maximize oxygen uptake through their skin during periods of low flow when oxygen levels drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study sought to reveal the traits and outcomes of students who completed a rural community organizing field placement. All stakeholders involved in the placement of students took part in a focus group and follow-up individual interviews. Findings suggest that students need to be open, flexible, self-directed, and maverick in personality. In turn, the former students felt that they had been prepared for generalist social work practice, developed their social work knowledge and their use of self, and had become more client centered and better team players as a result of their field placements in a macro rural setting. Barriers for placing students in rural macro settings are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors used a combination of medical examiner data and police interviews to develop profiles of all partner homicides that occurred in North Carolina in a single year. This methodology allowed us to investigate gender differences that might shape the context for male and female homicide perpetration and victimization. Five themes emerged: (a) The context for partner homicides is often chronic women battering, (b) leaving an abusive partner and remaining are both dangerous options, (c) protective measures for battered women are inadequate, (d) domestic violence is not necessarily private violence, and (e) alcohol and firearms often accompany homicide. These themes suggested: Partner homicides emanated almost uniformly from a history of male-perpetrated aggression; analysis of partner homicide should not be detached from the daily life created and sustained by battering; and a gender analysis of partner homicide focuses on the context of gender-based power imbalances rather than on frequency or severity of injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Twelve per ¢ of the 847 women who delivered in one hospital prior to implementation of the North Carolina Prematurity Prevention Program had low-birthweight births compared with 9.5 per ¢ of the 748 women who delivered during the program. Controlling for known risk factors, both low- and very-low birthweight births among Whites (Odds Ratio 2.0 and 3.7 respectively) and very-low-birthweight births among Blacks (OR 2.9) were reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]