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Why, in May 1970, did Japan participate – for the first time in the post-World War II era – in an international conference for the resolution of a conflict? Cold War-era Japan has often been described as shying away from involvement in international political affairs, especially in Asia, where memories of Japanese wartime aggression were still rankling. Yet, in 1970, when conflict erupted in Cambodia, Tokyo made its debut at a multilateral peacemaking endeavour: a conference bringing Asian and Pacific countries together in Jakarta to tackle the Cambodian problem. It is also puzzling that despite domestic opposition to the dispatch of a Japanese delegation to Jakarta, Prime Minister Eisaku Satō's government went ahead with Japanese attendance there. This article draws on declassified diplomatic documents in its investigation of the circumstances behind that unprecedented development in Japanese diplomacy. The findings reveal that amid the changes in Asia triggered by Washington's new policy of reduced engagement in the region, a more confident Japan was acting for peace in Cambodia, seeking not only to assume a larger regional role, but also to ensure the smooth realisation of two priority agendas of the Satō administration: the Okinawa reversion and the automatic extension of the Japan-U.S. security treaty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]