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Objectives: To estimate population sodium and potassium intakes and explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB) towards the use of salt in adults in the Sultanate of Oman., Design: National cross-sectional population-based survey., Setting: Proportional random samples, representative of Omani adults (18 years or older), were obtained from all governorates of the Sultanate of Oman., Participants: Five hundred and sixty-nine (193 men, 376 women; 18 years or older) were included in the analysis (response rate 57%). Mean age was 39.4 years (SD 13.1). Participants attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements., Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: We assessed dietary sodium, potassium and creatinine by 24-hour urinary sodium (UNa), potassium (UK) and creatinine (UCr) excretions. We collected KAB by a questionnaire on an electronic tablet., Results: Mean UNa was 144.3 (78.8) mmol/day, equivalent to 9.0 g of salt/day and potassium excretion 52.6 (32.6) mmol/day, equivalent to 2.36 g/day, after adjusting for non-urinary losses. Men ate significantly more sodium and potassium than women. Only 22% of the sample had a salt intake below the WHO recommended target of 5 g/day and less than 10% met WHO targets for potassium excretion (>90 mmol/day). While 89.1% of those interviewed knew that consuming too much salt could cause serious health problems and only 6.9% felt they were using too much added salt, one in two participants used always or often salt, salty seasonings or salty sauces in cooking or when preparing food at home., Conclusions: In the Sultanate of Oman, salt consumption is higher and potassium consumption lower than recommended by WHO, both in men and in women. The present data provide, for the first time, evidence to support a national programme of population salt reduction to prevent the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease in the area., Competing Interests: Competing interests: AA-M, SKJ, MM, WNA-S, ADP, HA-K, ZA-B, JI, AA-H are all staff of the Ministry of Health of the Sultanate of Oman. FPC is a technical advisor to the World Health Organization, unpaid member of Action on Salt and WASH. LD was a technical advisor to the World Health Organization and is a member of the Scientific Committee of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)