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Servant leadership is a type of leadership that encourages people to work together. A leader intends to help the institution's personnel favorably. The school leader interacts with teachers and administrative staff as a collegial friend rather than a boss and tries to make things as easy as possible for them. The major goal of this study was to see if there was a correlation between servant leadership and job satisfaction among secondary school teachers in Pakistani settings. The study's participants were male and female public sector secondary school teachers from the districts of Lahore and Kasur, of Punjab province, Pakistan. The sample was chosen using a stratified random sampling technique. A total of 510 teachers participated in the study as a sample. In this study, adapted questionnaires with responses measured on a five-point Likert type scale was used. Both variables, perceived servant leadership style of principals and work satisfaction of teachers showed a strong association. Further sub-factors correlations showed significant results. It is proposed that school principals adopt a servant leadership style as it would be more beneficial for them to ease and comfort the school employees that might improve the institutional performance.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the use of WhatsApp in education and discover the opinions of all stakeholders towards the teaching and learning process in private schools. The study was designed in descriptive research using quantitative as well as qualitative data. We used close-ended questionnaires for quantitative data and semistructured interviews for qualitative data. The sample of the study consisted of all the key stakeholders of the education system: principals, students, teachers, and parents. We conducted interviews with school principals and gathered quantitative data from parents, teachers, and students. The study was limited to private sector schools of Mandi Bahauddin district, Phalia city, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. We used thematic analysis and descriptive statistics to identify the opinions of all the stakeholders about the role of WhatsApp in the teaching-learning process. The use of WhatsApp was encouraged as a supportive technology and recommended by the stakeholders. We also discussed the theoretical and practical implication of using WhatsApp.

English language is one of the mostly used languages across the world for communication as well as academic purpose. English subject is taught as compulsory from primary to bachelor level in Pakistan. Textbook is used as a teaching and learning resource for teaching English. Evaluation of textbooks remains a pertinent task in curriculum studies. The present study was aimed at evaluating the grade VIII English textbook used in public sector schools of Punjab (Pakistan). A mixed methods approach was used to seek perceptions of 24 teachers and 240 students about the textbook on specifically designed instruments of interview and close-ended questionnaires, respectively. Thematic analysis for interviews and descriptive analysis for questionnaire were carried out on the data. Key findings included positive remarks on some of the aspects of the textbooks and few suggestions on improving the textbook on a few aspects regarding making the content interesting through including topics consisting of daily use and creative activities. Study presents results and recommendations for policy makers to incorporate in revised versions of the textbook.

UK Aid has been aiding school education in Pakistan since long. Historically, Pakistan has received the largest aid from UK aid in education sector but little research is done to evaluate the role of this aid. For this purpose, an evaluative case study research design was used to evaluate the role of UK Aid. Qualitative research approach was employed to do this evaluative study. Five programs were selected to study UK aid as a case in this research. Two programs were in postcompletion stage and three programs were in implementation stage. Data triangulation was done to incorporate different aspects related to the aid in the five selected programs. Purposive sampling technique was used. Semi-structured interviews from the recipients of UK aid were conducted. Document analysis was carried out to specific, formal documents to critically review the donor's perspective. Following strict ethical guidelines, thematic analysis for the interviews and document analysis was performed. After evaluating the programs and comparing outcomes with education indicators, contextual discussion points were raised. It was found that the aid is used for multipurpose to enhance the educational outcomes but the problems are grave and require consistent long-term combined efforts. Recommendations were given to enhance the effectiveness and utility of UK Aid.

The COVID-19 crisis has made the years 2020 and 2021 an unpolitical and spiritual crisis. It has affected virtually everybody in the world and introduced a new normal. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, people have been hooked on consuming news media to follow the development of this unprecedented disease. Subsequently, a new language with vocabulary, expressions, and metaphors has appeared in various languages, including English and Arabic. Dictionaries have added new words in English and revised others; they are now fully integrated into our everyday vocabularies. COVID-19 has changed the English language in many ways: it has brought previously obscure medical words to the forefront of everyday speech, made terms related to social isolation more common, and witnessed a shift in meaning in other terms. As linguists, researchers, and teachers gradually return to their classrooms next term (Spring, 2022) we undertook this study to identify 57 English terms, expressions, and metaphors that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, either in English-speaking countries or Arabic-speaking countries where English is a first or second language. We deemed the new terminologies necessary for EFL learners in the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC) countries. It can serve the purpose of making a list of these words and expressions to be taught to our EFL students at colleges of nursing and health science in Kuwait or Saudi Arabia or any other equivalent colleges in the Arab World. The terms and expressions came from articles, magazines, and English and Arabic dictionaries published during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The higher education institutions (HEIs) bear a prime responsibility to incorporate sustainability in their functions of teaching, learning, research, operations and services in order to prepare their students to lead in maintaining a balance in economic, environmental and social spheres. However, the reasons to embed sustainability in HEIs have been a variable phenomenon. This paper intends to explore why it is compulsory to make decisions for sustainability at Pakistani Public Universities (PPUs). The nature of the study being exploratory dictated to accomplish it under the grounded theory approach. The sample was selected based on the purposive sampling technique as the participants, academic administrators, had the capacity to decide on the need of sustainability. One-on-one audio recorded interviews were conducted to take deeper understanding of ten participants on the need of sustainability. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed based on the thematic analysis that produced three themes: decision making for sustainability, policy issues, and awareness initiatives. The findings showed that decision making for sustainability is carried out from two different sources: decision making by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) and decision making by the university charter. The findings also highlighted that though there are awareness initiatives yet the concerted and coordinated efforts to promote sustainability are missing from the decision making of PPUs. This study was conducted to a limited number of Pakistan Public Universities. Thus, the findings may not be generalized. However, these findings have the characteristic of transferability to the public universities only and not the private ones. The study implied to explore further the ways through which sustainability can be integrated in PPUs' functions.

Can governments contract out school management at scale? In 2016 the Government of Punjab transferred management of over 4,000 failing primary schools to private operators. Schools remained free to students. Private operators received a government subsidy per enrolled student of less than half per-student spending in government schools. This paper evaluates the effects on performance of converted schools. Comparing early converters to later converters, we estimate that enrolment in treated schools increased by over 60 percent, and test scores declined sharply.

This study aimed to explore university students' perceived problems and challenges in conducting a research thesis in a university in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The review of the literature helped identify four important types of problems: (1) personal problems (2) academic problems (3) supervisory problems and (4) institutional problems. Researchers specially developed questionnaires on a five-point Likert-type scale for a survey research design. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample of 120 research students from different departments of the University, merged into two strata. The sample size of the study was 120 research students. Data were collected, entered into SPSS and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Interviews with faculty members were also conducted. The research findings revealed that significant problems persist for research students studying at the sample university. Despite the measures taken to satisfy research students, it was found that students faced personal and supervisory problems more than academic and institutional problems.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using mobile devices as an instructional tool on teachers' creativity and to promote their usage as instructional tools in educational settings. The research also studies the perceptions of teachers on the effect of using mobile devices as an instructional tool on their creativity and what features of mobile devices are believed to help in terms of enhancing their creativity. Design/methodology/approach: This qualitative inquiry used an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) method for inspecting the professional capabilities of Pakistan's primary and secondary school teachers. Data were gathered from nine individuals through interviews. Three themes regarding creativity emerged from the study data. Findings: It is found that the use of mobile devices as a teaching tool significantly increases teachers' creativity by enabling them to manifest their creativity and explore different pedagogical vistas in which they can use a wide variety of instructional resources and tools. Using mobile devices as a teaching tool improved three skills: motivation, self-confidence and communication skills. Mobile applications, cameras and portability of these devices are among the features that teachers considered to have encouraged their creativity. Research limitations/implications: Finding the obstacles and difficulties teachers have while utilizing these tools to demonstrate their creativity may be valuable for future studies. First, because respondents were teachers from elementary and secondary classes, the population was not entirely homogenous, even though they had adequate help. Second, only semi-structured interviews were utilized for data gathering in this study. Further data collection methods, including observational research or participant-written reflective diaries, are thought to have been preferred. Practical implications: For future research, it may be interesting to determine whether the results of this study can be applied to other demographic groups. Based on this study, it is also recommended to conduct a quantitative study to know teachers' perceptions of the impact of these devices on creativity, since these studies can have promising results for teachers. Social implications: Through the use of various materials, tools and activities, these devices provide several distinctive teaching alternatives. Because of this, using it as a teaching tool gives teachers the ability to tailor courses to a range of learner types. Additionally, having easy access to a multitude of online resources and the capacity to interact with others helped in ideation. The teachers experienced feelings of motivation, self-confidence and a desire to impart information, all of which are traits of creative teachers. Based on the findings of this study, we may now think about using mobile devices in the classroom to encourage teachers' creativity. Originality/value: The outcomes of this research indicated that teachers' creativity is strongly influenced by their use of mobile devices as instructional tools. This paper advances the understanding of teachers' creativity by highlighting their lived experiences. This study is novel because it highlights how these devices have the potential to be used as instructional tools, which has not been highlighted by any study so far.

This was a comparative research project to study classroom management strategies of English language teachers (ELTs) at secondary level public and private sector schools in Lahore. The purpose of the research was to identify the strategies used by the English language teachers. A total of 200 English language teachers: 100 from public sector and 100 from private sector schools were selected using the random sampling technique. A close-ended questionnaire was designed by the researcher to collect data from the respondents. The data were entered into the spreadsheet of SPSS version 21.0. Different statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. Mean scores along with standard deviations were calculated for descriptive statistics. For inferential statistics, independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used. Two strategies like specific teaching strategies and planning and support were commonly used by the respondents. Significant differences were found in the strategies used by public sector and private sector ELTs. Policy recommendations such as organizing teacher training workshops would encourage ELTs to use classroom management strategies effectively.

In addition to conventional modes, teacher education programs in Pakistan are also offered through online and distance education. Teaching practice is a significant component of pre-service teacher education programs. Assessing the quality of teaching practice for pre-service student teachers is important, as these modules train the prospective teachers for their professional teaching careers. Virtual University of Pakistan (VU), an online university, offers pre-service teacher education programs. This research is an investigation into the learning opportunities and practices of VU student teachers in their teaching practice modules. Students enrolled in different teacher education programs served as the population of this study. Those in the fall 2018 semester who were enrolled in teaching practice modules were selected as a sample. Data sources included lesson plans prepared, lessons delivered, administrative and co-curricular duties performed by the students, as well as evaluation reports by supervisors, cooperating teachers, and school principals. There were improvements in the student teachers' lesson plan formation and their overall learning. Data obtained through personal visits by VU faculty was used to verify and assess actual classroom teaching. Lack of regular attendance and punctuality by student teachers was observed as a result. Internal review of the VU system as it relates to the teaching practice modules was conducted to address any shortcomings in the course(s), its procedures, and its controls. Recommendations for improving the system, such as grading the modules, peer-assessment, and orientation workshops for student teachers are provided, as well as suggestions for developments in the teaching practice modules themselves.

The buoyant shift from form and structure to the fluid constructs of meaning turned discernible in Jacques Derrida's "Deconstruction." Meaning or reality that had so long been enjoying a fixed and definite status was worn out with the advent of the theory of deconstruction. The turnaround of what was considered real or true became subjacent while challenging all the existing binaries that had been hegemonizing human comprehension of the world (Derrida, 1997). Relying on the theory of deconstruction by Jacques Derrida, the study examines the shift from form and structure to the text itself regarding its privileged and marginal aspects of meaning with particular reference to the novel "A Case of Exploding Mangoes." The study suggests that the interplay between privileged and marginal aspects of meaning can constructs multiple meanings and interpretations of a single text. It has further been added that the nature of the theory of deconstruction--change in the fixed status of meaning/reality--at the same time, is a representation of the indefinite nature of modern man who has experienced a bumpy ride of social and religious values resulted due to the political, industrial, economic and technological revolutions. The paper finds that the fluidity of meaning that is the sole characteristic of the theory of deconstruction traverses the contemporary Pakistani fiction in its dealing of the sensitive matters such as religious extremism and dictatorship etc., and Muhammad Hanif's selected novel is the perfect example of it.

Entry qualification scores and earlier academic achievements are the quality attributes of learners. Studying those in correlation and as predictor of their academic achievement in undergraduate and postgraduate levels is valuable for students, universities and academicians. The present research was undertaken with the purpose to determine predictions from previous examination scores about students' performance at university level. Predictive correlation method was used to explore Pearson r and multiple regressions analysis to predict CGPA of students based on their previous cumulative examination scores. By program analysis of various two years undergraduate and four years BS (hons) programs was carried out on data of 2008 and 1025 graduates, respectively. Positive, significant correlations were observed in previous cumulative examination scores and entry qualification scores with CGPA of learners. Separate analyses were made for low, average and high achievers. Significant predictions for all programs of different durations were made that have certain implications for university administration, academicians, and researchers around the world. Recommendations based on findings and contextual discussion points have been made for further research.

Concerns have been raised about the failure of students in quality of academic performance in public sector schools over the past many years. Therefore, this research study was conducted to explore the factors which affect the quality of academic performance of students in public sector schools. Mixed methods research design was used to explore this phenomenon in Sheikhupura, Punjab. 10 boys' and 10 girls' schools were randomly selected using multi-stage random sampling techniques. From different strata all stakeholders, which included students, parents, teachers, and heads were randomly selected totaling to 300 participants. Close ended questionnaires were developed by the researchers for data collection from 120 students and 120 parents. Semi-structured interviews were used to generate data from 40 teachers and 20 heads of the schools. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques on quantitative data and thematic description approach for interview analysis were used to analyze different data sets. Various causes of students' failure such as, rote based education and assessment system, outdated curricula, old teaching methodologies were discovered. The results have serious implications for school education department in the province of Punjab.

Purpose: This paper aimed to examine the sources of information and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The COVID-19 pandemic affected at a large level of all social institutions including the healthcare system of the countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted in Pakistan by using an online survey technique. The rationale to opt for this method was based on the country's lockdown situations, social distancing and the care of the respondents. A total of 847 individuals from different parts of the Punjab province participated in the study. An attitudinal scale was administered, which consisted of statements to measure (dis)agreement among the individuals on current situations of the COVID-19 pandemic. The ethical considerations and confidentiality of the respondents were opted by describing the purpose of research on the first page of the questionnaire. Findings: The study findings revealed that peer group, signs and symptoms of COVID-19 pandemic and causes and consequences of COVID-19 pandemic had favourable positive effects on the use of PPE by individuals through the mediation of fear of infection during COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the study findings were interpreted as per the effects of current situations of COVID-19 on the sources of information and the use of PPE by individuals. Originality/value: This study focused on an important gap in the research on COVID-19 pandemic in the country in terms of mass media, health practitioners, peer group, fear of infection and use of PPE.

Education is a social entity and takes input from the society and returns output to it as well. University education is considered as the hub that produces human capital into the market. Universities shall play their role to promote social justice and equity for people from all spheres of the society. This study was focused to explore the perceptions of teachers about the social injustice and inequity in universities of Pakistan. The aim was to promote social justice and equity in education by highlighting the factors that cause injustice and inequity, to find out the imbalance in the market value of our educational system, and to find the administrative measures that could promote social justice and equity. For that purpose the experienced teachers and administrators were purposely selected to participate in this research. Interviews were conducted with prior permission to record it. The data generated from 12 participants (10 males and 2 females) were analyzed by Thematic Description Approach under qualitative data analysis techniques. The themes for each question from the transcribed interviews were identified and coded. Major factors were identified and significant differences were revealed on behalf of the interviewees' perceptions. Suggestions were given to take effective administrative measures. Results revealed practical implications for educationists and policy makers to promote social justice and equity.

Academic performance of students has always been the area of concern for educational institutions as it is a key indicator of institutional quality. In order to have a better quality output the higher education institutions set some admission criteria such as scores on specified international standardized tests, previous academic qualifications, and admission tests of students or a combination of such scores. Virtual University of Pakistan (VU) is a technology-based distance learning institution that facilitates students who are unable to attend traditional institutions of higher education for a variety of reasons. It was of interest to the researchers to study the entry qualifications of students i.e. the admission criteria, as predictor of their academic performance in various degree programs at VU. For that purpose, the data of 5825 graduates in different two years masters programs in 2015-16 were taken as sample. The entry qualifications of students, and cumulative scores of their previous academic qualifications were taken as predictors of their performance i.e. cumulative grade point average (CGPA,) in relevant degree program. Descriptive (range, percentage) and inferential (pearson r, multiple regression) statistics were applied after grouping the students into low, average and high achievers on cumulative scores as well as entry qualification scores. The results showed significant differences in the predictions and their implications are useful for policy makers and relevant departments of the university as well as for other distance learning educational institutions.

This study aims to develop, examine, and test organizational and individual predictors of knowledge sharing behavior of teachers in the higher education sector in Pakistan. The study examined the direct and indirect effects of organizational factors on knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) through individual factors. The social capital theory has been utilized to explain the premise of this research. This study uses a survey design. Data has been collected from 269 university teachers in Pakistan. A Structural equation modeling has been used to test the hypotheses using SPSS and Amos. The Data supported the hypotheses. This Study concludes that organizational and individual are important for enhancing KSB as organizational factors work through individual factors to influence the KSB of faculty members.

Purpose: This paper aimed to examine the psycho-social aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Pakistan. The study was conducted in Pakistan by using an online survey technique. The rationale to opt for this method was mainly based on the country's lock-down situations, social distancing and for the care of respondents. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 1,536 individuals participated from different parts of the country. An attitudinal scale was administered consisting of statements to measure (dis)agreement of the individuals facing the current situations of COVID-19. The ethical considerations and confidentiality of the respondents were opted by describing the purpose of research on the first page of the questionnaire. Findings: The study findings showed that the cost of personal protective equipment (PPE), social isolation and loss of intimacy have favourable positive effects on the psychological problems of individuals through the mediation of fake news and misinformation during COVID-19. Furthermore, the study findings were interpreted as per the effects of current situations of epidemic, i.e. COVID-19 on the psycho-social life of individuals. Research limitations/implications: This paper is purely limited to the quantitative approach including variables, i.e. COVID-19, risk of infection, social distancing, cost of PPE, social isolation, fake news and psychological problems. Practical implications: The present research will enhance the awareness and knowledge regarding psychological problems faced by the individuals during COVID-19. It will be a significant addition to the existing body of knowledge in the field of health and well-being. It will also provide guidelines to students, research scholars, policymakers and academicians to develop policies in future to improve the health of people during epidemics such as COVID-19 and similar nature of outbreak in the future. Originality/value: This paper focused on an important gap in the research on COVID-19 in the country in the context of COVID-19, risk of infection, social distancing, cost of PPE, social isolation, fake news and psychological problems.

The use of wild food ingredients has been inextricably linked to each human culture; therefore, any cultural shift or transformation also mutates the knowledge. Particularly cross-cultural interactions have been playing a significant role in reshaping the knowledge within a given community. The study aimed to cross-culturally research the use of wild food plants among four different ethnolinguistic groups, i.e. Muhajir, Pathans, Punjabi, and Saraiki residing in the peri-urban area of Mianwali district, Punjab Pakistan. Data were taken through semi-structured interviews, and the results of cross-cultural comparison were visualized through Venn diagrams and statistically tested through Jaccard index. A total of 59 plants were recorded, which were used mostly as cooked vegetables (29 species) and snacks (21 species). About one-fourth of the quoted plants were commonly used by all the studied groups. High similarity on the use of the quoted plants was found among Muhajir, Punjabi, and Saraiki. Punjabi reported higher numbers of plants, and Pathans quoted comparatively lesser number. Pathans reported a comparatively high number of idiosyncratic foods uses followed by Muhajir. Punjabi, Muhajir, and Saraiki have a very close affinity and have comparatively rich knowledge after comparing those food uses which were reported by more 50% of participants. Punjabi frequently reported some plant uses which were rarely reported by the other four groups. Additionally a large number of plants were also quoted along with their medicinal uses which were prepared in the same way for both food and medicine. Despite the fact that most of the food ingredients were prepared in a simialr way but still the distinct names of several plants were retained across the studied groups. In the current context, the ethnobotanies of the studied communities are a blend as they might have learned the knowledge on the use of these plants from one another. It is concluded that since the knowledge is still in the memory of the people and has no serious threat to its extinction at hand, however it is necessary to frame policy programs in order to use this knowledge for the sustainability of future food and medical system otherwise it may be lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) primarily affects pediatric patients. Data on the global incidence of DIPG remain sparse, especially in South Asia and low-middle-income countries like Pakistan. Methods: After exemption from the Ethics Review Committee, a retrospective study was conducted. Records of patients with DIPG at the Aga Khan Hospital in Karachi, from January 2010 to December 2022, were reviewed. Results: A total of 35 pediatric patients were managed for DIPG. The median age of the patients was 9, with 19 (54.3%) males and 16 (45.7%) females. Cranial nerve palsies were the most common complaint and were present in 19 (54.3%) patients, followed by headaches in 18 (51.4%), long tract signs in 14 (40%), ataxia/cerebellar symptoms in 14 (40%), and seizures in 5 (14.3%). MRI was the primary diagnostic tool, used alone or with CT in 32 (94.1%) patients; CT alone was used in only 2 (5.7%) patients. Biopsy was performed in 10 (28.6%) patients. Primary radiation therapy was administered to 14 (40%) patients with 5400 cGy in 30 fractions. All these patients received steroids while none of them received reirradiation. VP shunt surgery for hydrocephalus was performed in 9 (25.7%) patients. Over half (54.3%) refused treatment post-diagnosis, and 71.4% were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Providing timely, quality multi-disciplinary care to DIPG patients within resource constraints remains challenging in Pakistan. However, recent developments show promise for improving DIPG care in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Pakistan, a South Asian developing country, is experiencing a rapid increase in number of diabetes cases. High prevalence ratio of diabetes in Pakistani population and lack of genetic research studies prompted us to design this study. This present study investigated Pakistani Pashtun population for (known and novel SNPs) and its possible correlation with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This two stage (discovery & validation stage), case-control association study included one thousand individuals (Patients with T2DM=500 & controls=500) from eight districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The study duration/period was from March 2018 to January 2020. In the first stage (the discovery stage) the target population was screened for known and novel T2DM-associated genetic markers. In the validation stage, identified variants were confirmed for T2DM association using MassARRAY genotyping and association analysis. Results: Exome sequencing detected eleven known and four novel/new genetic markers in the study population. Novel variants were preferred over the known for follow-up analysis/validation. Among the identified variants strong associations were confirmed for the following variants; rs1781133/ANKRD65 (OR=2.10, 95%Cl=1.06-3.08, P=0.003) rs2274791/TTLL10 (OR=1.97, 95%Cl=1.36-2.62, P=0.025), rs71628928/RNF223 (OR=1.82, 95%Cl=0.97-1.92, P=0.041), and rs609805/SCNN1D (OR=2.21, 95%Cl=1.92-3.09, P=0.001) with T2DM; other reported variants showed no noticeable association (having P>0.05) with T2DM. Conclusion: This study reports new genetic risk variants for T2DM in Pashtun population providing valuable insights into the genetic basis of T2DM in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are significantly underutilized in many parts of the world, especially in South-Asia. Within Pakistan, despite the population surge, the utilization of ECPs remains alarmingly low. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practices regarding ECPs amongst married women and men in Karachi, Pakistan and the possible barriers hindering access to and use of these contraceptives. Methodology: A multi-centric cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Interviews were conducted with participants using validated questionnaire involving different sections on demographics, knowledge, practices, and barriers to ECP use. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages while continuous variables were characterized using mean and standard deviation. A chi-square test of variance was used for association between knowledge scores and different categorical values. A p-value of < 0.05 at 95% CI was statistically significant. Results: Over half of the respondents (52.5%) were not using any method of contraception. 11.1% of respondents had used ECP at some point in their life. 337 (85.8%) participants had low knowledge, 55 (14%) had moderate while only 1 (0.25%) had high knowledge regarding ECPs. There was no significant association of knowledge scores with gender, age, employment status or parity. However, participants who had received counseling for family planning in the past or had previously used ECPs had significantly higher knowledge regarding ECPs. A majority 58% (221) of the participants expressed concerns about the potential side effects and 128 (33.9%) of them believed that ECPs were in contradiction to their religious and moral values. Conclusion: Our study in Karachi, Pakistan, highlights critical challenges in ECP awareness, utilization, and family planning. Although the results show improved ECP usage than studies previously done in Pakistan, there is a further need to increase the reach of ECPs through a variety of methods. Persistent myths and misconceptions and a severe lack of awareness further hinders their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary delves into the complexities surrounding chronic kidney disease management in Pakistan, specifically examining the critical role played by renal satellite units in providing accessible dialysis services. Chronic kidney disease in Pakistan accounts for 3.9% of total deaths, warranting a focused exploration of challenges and potential solutions. RSUs, smaller entities affiliated with main renal units, emerge as key players in addressing issues of geographic accessibility and diminishing travel burdens for chronic kidney disease patients. Challenges such as financial constraints, limited resources, and staff shortages, particularly in rural settings, pose significant hurdles to the effective functioning of RSUs. This commentary emphasizes the importance of clear eligibility criteria, robust vascular access support, regular physician engagement, and the strategic integration of telemedicine. It explores diverse funding models, including government allocations, community contributions, and philanthropic partnerships, as potential solutions to alleviate cost‐related concerns. The commentary advocates for a holistic, cost‐effective approach to chronic kidney disease care, highlighting the transformative potential of renal satellite units in improving health outcomes across varied settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern in Pakistan, which is ranked fifth among high‐burden TB nations worldwide. The growing frequency of drug‐resistant TB strains, particularly multidrug‐resistant TB (MDR‐TB), creates new obstacles. Socioeconomic factors, a lack of awareness, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure all contribute to the spread of the disease. Objective: This study investigates the mechanisms contributing to the growth in tuberculosis cases in Pakistan, the implications for public health, and multifaceted approaches to prevention and control. Methods: A comprehensive literature study was undertaken, including an analysis of peer‐reviewed articles, World Health Organization (WHO) data, and government sources, to identify factors driving tuberculosis prevalence, control issues, and disease‐fighting tactics. Result: Several factors like Poverty, overcrowding, malnutrition, stigma, and restricted access to healthcare services are all factors contributing to an increase in tuberculosis incidence in Pakistan. The prevalence of MDR‐TB, along with a lack of an integrated healthcare response, complicates efforts to contain the disease's spread. Tuberculosis has a profound social, mental, and financial impact on individuals and communities. Public health efforts, such as the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) and international partnerships, have been created to eradicate tuberculosis, although considerable hurdles persist. Objective: This study investigates the mechanisms contributing to the growth in tuberculosis cases in Pakistan, the implications for public health, and multifaceted approaches to prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is an important staple crop not only in Pakistan but all over the globe. Although the area dedicated to wheat cultivation expands annually, the quantity of wheat harvested is declining due to various biotic and abiotic factors. Global wheat production and output have suffered as a result of the drought, which is largely driven by a lack of water and environmental factors. Organic fertilizers have been shown to reduce the severity of drought. The current research was conducted in semi-arid climates to mitigate the negative effects of drought on wheat during its critical tillering (DTS), flowering (DFS), and grain filling (DGFS) stages through the application of three different abscisic acid treatments: ABA0 (0 mgL−1) control, ABA1 (100 mgL−1) and ABA2 (200 mgL−1). Wheat growth and yield characteristics were severely harmed by drought stress across all critical development stages, with the DGFS stage being particularly vulnerable and leading to a considerable loss in yield. Plant height was increased by 24.25%, the number of fertile tillers by 25.66%, spike length by 17.24%, the number of spikelets per spike by 16.68%, grain count per spike by 11.98%, thousand-grain weight by 14.34%, grain yield by 26.93% and biological yield by 14.55% when abscisic acid (ABA) was applied instead of the control treatment. Moreover, ABA2 increased the more physiological indices (water use efficiency (36.12%), stomatal conductance (44.23%), chlorophyll a (24.5%), chlorophyll b (29.8%), transpiration rate (23.03%), photosynthetic rate (24.84%), electrolyte leakage (− 38.76%) hydrogen peroxide (− 18.09%) superoxide dismutase (15.3%), catalase (20.8%), peroxidase (− 18.09%), and malondialdehyde (− 13.7%)) of drought-stressed wheat as compared to other treatments. In the case of N, P, and K contents in grain were maximally improved with the application of ABA2. Through the use of principal component analysis, we were able to correlate our results across scales and provide an explanation for the observed effects of ABA on wheat growth and production under arid conditions. Overall, ABA application at a rate of 200 mgL−1 is an effective technique to boost wheat grain output by mitigating the negative effects of drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research paper is to find out by comparing and contrasting between the adults and children in second language learning process how language ego of adult learners affects them to learn second language, and how it becomes a barrier for them in second language learning process. Nowadays learning English as foreign and second language is one of the most dominant socio-cultural requirements of people for seeking employment, foreign tour, business, education and other basic communicative purposes. Therefore, English as foreign and second language is definitely necessary for everybody because it is one of the most urgent socio-cultural pre-requisites of the Post-modern era. It is commonly observed during teaching and learning English as a foreign language in Pakistan, that language ego hinders the adults to learn it properly. Therefore, children are more successful L2 learners than the adults are. Children learning L2 use to reproduce construction process just as they do in their L1 learning and they have the ability to cognize and reproduce new and novel utterances. The compare and contrast between adult and child second language learner will be highlighted in this research paper, which may be helpful for teachers, researchers and scholars on the subject.

This study explores a new theoretical model of employee creativity by investigating the impact of ethical leadership on creativity mediated by creative self-efficacy and psychological safety. Data collected from 200 supervisor-subordinate dyads in Pakistan reveal that ethical leadership is positively related to creativity. Further, psychological safety partially mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and creativity. However, creative self-efficacy is found insignificant in the relationship between ethical leadership and creativity. The study discusses research and practical implications of the proposed new theoretical framework with regard to employee creativity.

A number of studies in the field of language and gender have concluded that females have a tendency of using more personal pronouns in their language. It reflects their more involvement with the readers than males. This paper examines the differences between male and female written expressions in terms of the use of personal pronouns. The study applied the method of corpus linguistics in order to examine the written expressions of males and females in this regard. Personal pronouns I, me, my, we, our, us, you, your, he and she were studied in particular. The study revealed that males and females differed in the use of some personal pronouns but as a whole there was no significant difference in the use of personal pronouns in their written expressions.

The growing global threat of antimicrobial resistance endangers both human and animal life, necessitating the urgent discovery of novel antimicrobial solutions. Medicinal plants hold promise as sources of potential antimicrobial compounds. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical constituents and microbicidal capabilities of the ethanolic extract from Nigella sativa (black seed). Gas chromatography analysis (GC) identified 11 compounds, among them thymoquinone, and thymol, contributing to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated notable inhibition zones against broad spectra of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter, and Bacillus subtilis, along with potent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, and Candida albicans. Notably, when combined with antibiotics, the extract displayed exceptional synergistic antimicrobial efficacy. The black seed extract demonstrated membrane-damaging activity and disrupted virulence factors that protect microbes from antimicrobial agents, including the formation of bacterial biofilm and protease secretion. Thymoquinone, the primary active constituent of the extract, exhibited similar antimicrobial and ant virulence properties. In silico analysis targeting key regulators of quorum sensing and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa, such as RhlG, LasR, and PqsR, showed a remarkable affinity of thymol and thymoquinone for these targets. Moreover, the N. sativa extract exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against both the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania tropica parasites, hinting at potential antiparasitic activity. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, the extract displayed potential antioxidant activity at a concentration of 400 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Postpartum depression (PPD) is prevalent among women after childbirth, but accessing mental healthcare for PPD is challenging. This study aimed to assess the treatment gap and barriers to mental healthcare access for women with PPD symptoms living in Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in five populous cities of Punjab from January to June 2023 by administering the questionnaire to the women using stratified random sampling. A total of 3,220 women in first 6 months postpartum were screened using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Of them, 1,503 women scored thirteen or above, indicating potential depressive disorder. Interviews were conducted to explore help-seeking behavior and barriers to accessing mental healthcare. Descriptive statistics along with nonparametric tests (e.g., Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U) were used and group differences were examined. Scatter plot matrices with fitted lines were used to explore associations between variables. Classification and regression tree methods were used to classify the importance and contribution of different variables for the intensity of PPD. Results: Only 2% of women (n = 33) with high PPD symptoms sought mental healthcare, and merely 5% of women (n = 75) had been in contact with a health service since the onset of their symptoms. 92.80% of women with PPD symptoms did not seek any medical attention. The majority of women, 1,215 (81%), perceived the need for mental health treatment; however, 91.23% of them did not seek treatment from healthcare services. Women who recently gave birth to a female child had higher mean depression scores compared to those who gave birth to a male child. Age, education, and birth location of newborn were significantly associated (p < 0.005) with mean barrier scores, mean social support scores, mean depression scores and treatment gap. The results of classification and regression decision tree model showed that instrumental barrier scores are the most important in predicting mean PPD scores. Conclusion: Women with PPD symptoms encountered considerable treatment gap and barriers to access mental health care. Integration of mental health services into obstetric care as well as PPD screening in public and private hospitals of Punjab, Pakistan is critically needed to overcome the treatment gap and barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Distractions caused by fellow drivers (DFDs) have received little attention. • Associations between DFDs and other latent factors were evaluated using SEM. • DFDs are positively associated with stress among recipient drivers. • Stress is positively associated with anxiety-based performance deficits. • DFDs and stress are positively associated with crash propensity. Introduction: Aggressive behavior of drivers is a source of crashes and high injury severity. Aggressive drivers are part of the driving environment, however, excessive aggressive driving by fellow drivers may take the attention of the recipient drivers away from the road resulting in distracted driving. Such external distractions caused by the aggressive and discourteous behavior of other road users have received limited attention. These distractions caused by fellow drivers (DFDs) may agitate recipient drivers and ultimately increase crash propensity. Aggressive driving behaviors are quite common in South Asia and, thus, it is necessary to determine their contribution to distractions and crash propensity. Method: Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of DFDs using primary data collected through a survey conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 801 complete responses were obtained. Various hypotheses were defined to explore the associations between the latent factors such as DFDs, anxiety/stress (AS), anxiety-based performance deficits (APD), hostile behavior (HB), acceptability of vehicle-related distractions (AVRD), and crash propensity (CP). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed as a multivariate statistical technique to test these hypotheses. Results: The results supported the hypothesis that DFDs lead to AS among recipient drivers. DFDs and AS were further found to have positive associations with APDs. Whereas, there was a significant negative association between DFD, AS, and AVRD. As hypothesized, DFD and AS had positive associations with CP, indicating that distractions caused by aggressive behaviors leads to stress and consequently enhances crash propensity. Practical applications: The results of this study provide a statistically sound foundation for further exploration of the distractions caused by the aggressive behaviors of fellow drivers. Further, the results of this study can be utilized by the relevant authorities to alter aggressive driving behaviors and reduce DFDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C core antigen (HCVcAg) is becoming increasingly recognized as an alternative to molecular testing for the confirmation of chronic hepatitis C. However, there are limited data on the performance of this assay in a genotype 3 (GT3) predominant country like Pakistan. We conducted a study to evaluate the diagnostic performance of HCVcAg against the HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular test. HCV antibody‐positive patients requiring confirmatory testing were recruited from August to October 2018 at the Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center (PKLI&RC), Lahore, Pakistan. Patients with previously known diagnoses or treatment histories were excluded. The Abbott HCV Ag assay was used for HCVcAg testing. Results ≥3.00 fmol/L were considered positive for HCVcAg. The Abbott RealTime HCV assay was used for PCR testing with a lower detection limit of ≥12 IU/mL. We computed the sensitivity, specificity and correlation of HCVcAg against HCV PCR. A total of 394 patients were recruited. The median age of the patients was 42 years. Most participants were females (51.5%, n = 203), 30.7% (n = 121) had HTN, 10.4% DM (n = 41) and 5% had APRI ≥2. The overall sensitivity was 98.0% and the specificity was 98.6%. The lowest detection limit of cAg was an HCV RNA value of 4657 IU/mL. The levels of cAg were highly correlated with those of HCV RNA by Spearman's rank correlation test (r = 0.935, p <.001). HCVcAg represents a suitable alternative with high sensitivity and specificity compared with HCV PCR in the GT3‐predominant population and can be incorporated into algorithms to improve linkage to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin and depositional setting of dolomites remain a complex and debated topic. In the Indus Basin Pakistan, the dolomites in Jutana Formation form a thick sequence within the Cambrian stratigraphy. The current study investigates the detailed depositional setting as well as the mineralogical composition of dolomites in the Jutana Formation to provide insight into their origin. The study focuses on integrating the microfacies and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with X-ray diffraction (XRD) data along with Wireline logs of Jutana Formation in Khewra Gorge, Eastern Salt Range. Based on field and petrographic observations, four microfacies were identified including (a) siliciclastic algal laminated dolomitic breccia (MJD-1), (b) burrowed sandy ferroan dolomicrite (MJD-2), (c) in-situ medium-coarse grained dolomicrite-dolosparite (MJD-3), (d) fine grained micaceous dolosparite (MJD-4). The microfacies analysis reveals that the deposition of the Jutana Formation is primary on carbonate platform in peritidal environments, ranging from supratidal to subtidal. Digenesis has obliterated most of the primary depositional features, making the interpretation of the original depositional setting challenging. The XRD analysis suggests that these dolomites are nearly stoichiometric and less ordered, indicating an early diagenetic setting, further supported by the presence of anhydrite seen under the SEM. The original depositional setting on the carbonate platform is also supported by cross plot graph wireline logs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the status of antimicrobial‐resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Pakistan, their association in terms of co‐occurrence with the biofilm‐forming genes, resistance profiling and associated discrepancies in diagnostic methods. Methodology: A total of 384 milk samples from bovine was collected by using convenient sampling technique and were initially screened for subclinical mastitis, further preceded by isolation and confirmation of S. aureus. The S. aureus isolates were subjected to evaluation of antimicrobial resistance by phenotypic identification using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method, while the genotypic estimation was done by polymerase chain reaction to declare isolates as methicillin, beta‐lactam, vancomycin, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside resistant S. aureus (MRSA, BRSA, VRSA, TRSA, and ARSA), respectively. Results: The current study revealed an overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis and S. aureus to be 59.11% and 46.69%, respectively. On a phenotypic basis, the prevalence of MRSA, BRSA, VRSA, TRSA, and ARSA was found to be 44.33%, 58.49%, 20.75%, 35.84%, and 30.18%, respectively. The results of PCR analysis showed that 46.80% of the tested isolates were declared as MRSA, 37.09% as BRSA, and 36.36% as VRSA, while the occurrence of TRSA and ARSA was observed in 26.31% and 18.75%, respectively. The current study also reported the existence of biofilm‐producing genes (icaA and icaD) in 49.06% and 40.57% isolates, respectively. Lastly, this study also reported a high incidence of discrepancies for both genotypic and phenotypic identification methods of resistance evaluation, with the highest discrepancy ratio for the accA‐aphD gene, followed by tetK, vanB, blaZ, and mecA genes. Conclusion: The study concluded that different antibiotic resistance strains of S. aureus are prevalent in study districts with high potential to transmit between human populations. The study also determined that there are multiple resistance determinants and mechanisms that are responsible for the silencing and expression of antibiotic resistance genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Amidst inconsistent prescribing patterns and potentially harmful medication errors in the field of medical practice, this study endeavored to explore the prescription practices of physicians in Rawalpindi metropolitan city in Pakistan. Methods: A mixed method study was conducted based on the analysis of 1232 prescriptions gathered from 16 pharmacies, along with in-depth interviews with 13 practicing physicians. The prescriptions were assessed for legibility, polypharmacy, patient details, history, diagnosis, and other relevant information. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the prevalence of various aspects of prescription accuracy was calculated. Thematic analysis was conducted on the qualitative data. Results: Almost half of the prescriptions were from the private general practitioners, and the rest were from hospital-based doctors and consultants. Only a small percentage of prescriptions were fully legible, and many had incomplete or missing patient information, medical history, and diagnosis. Polypharmacy was also found to be prevalent, with significant differences in prescription accuracy across different medical specialties. The absence of continuing medical education, influence of pharmaceutical industry, and overcrowded practice settings drive the doctors to prescription practices. On the user side, perception of polypharmacy, patient–physician communication, and availability and cost of medicines emerged as major themes. Conclusion: There is an obvious need to improve prescription accuracy regarding patient safety on the whole. Increased investment in health-care infrastructure, greater access to continuing medical education, and a commitment to promote evidence-based medicine could make a difference. Prescription practices must be safe, effective, and aligned with the latest advances in medical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective skills and training for physicians are essential for communicating difficult or distressing information, also known as breaking bad news (BBN). This study aimed to assess both the capacity and the practices of clinicians in Pakistan regarding BBN. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 151 clinicians. Quantitative component used a structured questionnaire, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 13 medical educationists. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: While most clinicians acknowledged their responsibility of delivering difficult news, only a small percentage had received formal training in BBN. Areas for improvement include time and interruption management, rapport building, and understanding the patients' point of view. Prognosis and treatment options were not consistently discussed. Limited importance is given to BBN in medical education. Discussion: Training in BBN will lead to improved patient and attendants' satisfaction, and empathetic support during difficult times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy metal burden on natural freshwater ecosystems is uninterruptedly increasing, which could affect their biodiversity, particularly regarding avian species. Three river barrages were selected for the sampling of water birds from autumn 2021 to spring 2022. Seven heavy metals—nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn)—were estimated in the hearts and livers of Fulica atra (Common Coot), Anas strepera (Gad-wall), and Anas crecca (Eurasian Teal) (Linnaeus, 1758) by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentrations of metals were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) different among the sam-pling sites, species, and tissues. In the livers of F. atra and A. strepera, respectively, the highest mean concentration among the metals belonged to Zn (521 µg/g), and the lowest belonged to Cd (0.17 µg/g). The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Co were highest in A. strepera heart samples. However, the concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Mn were found to be highest in the livers of F. atra. A comparison between both tissues indicated that the concentration of Ni is significantly (p < 0.05) higher (except for F. atra from Trimmu barrage) in the livers of water birds and that the concentration of Cd is significantly higher in the hearts of water birds. The mean metal concentrations were higher than the background limits reported in various studies, suggesting that the wintering water birds of Pakistan are under a significant load of heavy metal pollution. Histopathological analysis suggested that the observed heavy metals altered the normal histologies of hearts and livers of Fulica atra (Common Coot), Anas strepera (Gadwall), and Anas crecca (Eurasian Teal) sampled from three wetlands of Punjab Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a global public health emergency which has seen an uptick in low‐ to middle‐income countries in recent times due to a plethora of aggravating factors and has led to a whole host of setting‐specific pathogens registering high rates of resistance, causing outbreaks with graver mortality and morbidity. This review analyzes available literature to determine the causes and effects of ABR and recommend solutions to the problem in a Pakistani setting. Methods: Sources for this narrative review were identified via electronic databases using keyword search methods. The information was retrieved using databases such as PubMed and Science Direct. Additionally, websites such as CDC and World Health Organization were used to attain pertinent information. All the sources were selected as per their relevance and appropriateness toward the purpose of this review. Results: This review details the causes by dividing them into three primary strata, namely (1) under‐regulation, (2) over‐prescription and self‐medication, and (3) lack of medical stewardship. This is made much graver when the COVID‐19 pandemic and the subsequent erratic treatment response is considered, with the pandemic augmenting already high levels of consumption. These factors have led a cascade of effects including, but not limited to, a considerable increase in ABR in pathogens to first‐line drugs Conclusion: ABR is a serious and growing issue which will result in undesirable personal, local, and national consequences if unchecked. Mitigation and reversal of this trend is necessary by developing existing programs and investing in novel therapies and pharmaceutical research and strengthening regulatory policies and mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Perinatal grief have a significant influence on maternal mental health, hence appropriate tools for assessment are necessary. In this study, we translated and validated the Perinatal Grief Scale in Urdu (PGS‐Urdu) for use in Pakistan, therefore filling the gap in validated tools. Methods: Data was collected from 165 women using consecutive sampling. Initially, "forward/backward" translation was used. For validity, content validity index and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used respectively, and "Cronbach's‐Alpha" for reliability. In the validity stage, items 8, 11, 23, and 32 of the original scale were eliminated based on feedback from the target groups and the expert panel. For data‐analysis, SPSS 26 and Amos 26 were used. Results: In analyzing the "Confirmatory factor analysis", the "all‐fitness indicators" validated the three‐factor structure of 29‐item main scale. Cronbach alpha value was 0.83 for the entire scale The CFA results showed that all fitness indicators, with the exception of four, had loadings greater than 0.20, supporting the main scale's three‐factor structure. With a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.83 for overall reliability, and varied from 0.81 to 0.87 for the PGS‐U variables. the PGS‐U exhibits an acceptable level of internal consistency. Conclusion: The PGS‐U identifies women in perinatal grief for medical and social care. This research supports using the Urdu perinatal grief scale in obstetrics and bereavement counseling to reduce maternal mental health issues. Highlights: Perinatal grief is a major contributor to maternal mental health problems. This study translated and validated the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) into Urdu (PGS‐U) for use in Pakistani women with perinatal loss. The PGS‐U was found to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing perinatal grief in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground deformation associated with naturaland anthropogenic activities can be damaging for infrastructure and can cause enormous economic loss, particularly in developing countries which lack measuring instruments. Remote sensing techniques like interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) can thus play an important role in investigating deformation and mitigating geohazards. Rawalpindi and Islamabad are twin cities in Pakistan with a population of approximately 5.4 million, along with important government and private entities of national and international interest. In this study, we evaluate rapid paced subsidence in this area using a modified small baseline subset technique with Sentinel-IA imagery acquired between 2015 and 2022. Our results show that approximately 50 mm/year subsidence occurs in the older city of Rawalpindi, the most populated zone. We observed that subsidence in the area is controlled by the buried splays of the Main Boundary Thrust, one of the most destructive active faults in the recent past. We suggest that such rapid subsidence is most probably due to aggressive subsurface water extraction. It has been found that, despite provision of alternate water supplies by the district government, a very alarming number of tube wells are being operated in the area to extract ground water. Over 2017-2021, field data showed that near-surface aquifers up to 50-60 m deep are exhausted, and most of the tube wells are currently extracting water from depths of approximately 150-160 m. The dropping water level is proportional to the increasing number of tube wells. Lying downstream of tributaries originating from the Margalla and Murree hills, this area has a good monsoon season, and its topography supports recharge of the aquifers. However, rapid subsidence indicates a deficit between water extraction and recharge, partly due to the limitations inherent in shale and the low porosity near the surface lithology exposed in the area. Other factors amplifying the impacts are fast urbanization, uncontrolled population growth, and non-cultivation of precipitation in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the ecology and conservation of the Mazri Palm in Pakistan, emphasizing the need to secure its habitat to preserve genetic diversity and ecosystem services. The palm is facing threats from overexploitation and damage caused by porcupines and black bears. The researchers conducted fieldwork in different districts to document the distribution and characteristics of the palm populations, noting variations in leaf color and population density. The construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has had a detrimental impact on the palm and other native biodiversity. Further research is needed to determine if there are multiple species of Mazri Palm. [Extracted from the article]

Understanding climate change through knowledge and researching its level of awareness are critical for building resilience in vulnerable populations. Climate change comprehension is not a gender-neutral construct. The purpose of this paper is to investigate women's perceptions of climate change in both rural and urban Sindh, Pakistan, as it is one of the ten most vulnerable countries to climate change. This study also looks into the sources of local women's climate change awareness and knowledge. The study employed a mixed methodology approach, with 400 women from urban and rural areas polled for quantitative data and subject/field experts interviewed to validate the findings using informed opinion. According to the study's findings, women in Sindh, Pakistan, are aware of climate change, but their sources of awareness are secondary, and their knowledge is based on personal experience. Therefore, the study recommends robust government initiatives to raise climate change awareness among women across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of instructional leadership, professional communities and extra "non-teaching" responsibilities for teachers on student achievement. Design/Methodology/Approach: For a sample of 214 teachers from 88 primary schools in Pakistan, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to study the factor structure of the items. Correlation and hierarchical regression analysis was done to study the impact of the independent variables on student achievement; directly and through the mediation effect of teacher commitment. Findings: The analysis of the data reveals that teacher commitment mediates the relationship between the independent variables and student achievement. Practical Implications: This study has implications for the education management and policy community in the sense that they should not engage teachers into non-teaching roles and promote instructional leadership within the school managers and help in development of teacher networks which will subsequently add to student achievement. Originality/Value: The role of teacher commitment in explaining the student achievement has not been researched extensively in the past. The study at hand intends to fill this research gap. Furthermore, the impact of extra "non-teaching" responsibilities on teacher commitment and subsequently the student achievement has not been studied before. Hence, this study is expected to open up a new dimension in this regard.

English language is one of the mostly used languages across the world for communication as well as academic purpose. English subject is taught as compulsory from primary to bachelor level in Pakistan. Textbook is used as a teaching and learning resource for teaching English. Evaluation of textbooks remains a pertinent task in curriculum studies. The present study was aimed at evaluating the grade VIII English textbook used in public sector schools of Punjab (Pakistan). A mixed methods approach was used to seek perceptions of 24 teachers and 240 students about the textbook on specifically designed instruments of interview and close-ended questionnaires, respectively. Thematic analysis for interviews and descriptive analysis for questionnaire were carried out on the data. Keys findings included positive remarks on some of the aspects of the textbooks and few suggestions on improving the textbook on a few aspects regarding making the content interesting through including topics consisting of daily use and creative activities. Study presents results and recommendations for policy makers to incorporate in revised versions of the textbook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage-related power quality issues, including voltage sag, swell, and total harmonic distortion (THD), have become a significant concern in recent times. These issues, particularly harmonics, are known to degrade utility performance and lifespan, necessitating urgent rectification to ensure a high-quality power supply. This is crucial as our generation increasingly depends on electricity for enhanced living standards. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are gaining considerable interest as effective solutions to these problems. Among these, the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is particularly noteworthy for its potential to reduce power quality disturbances in the distribution network. In this study, we developed a DVR based on an artificial neural network (ANN) controller. The activation function employed was Train LM for the input and hidden layers, and pure linear for the output layer, with the Levenberg Marquardt back propagation (LMBP) serving as the training algorithm. The designed model was then tested to tackle voltage-related power quality problems in the distribution network of Jamal Din Wala (JDW) sugar mills. The comprehensive model featured a three-phase voltage source inverter, a scheme utilizing rotating reference frame theory, and sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) for voltage sag and swell sensing along with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switching. We analyzed three types of DVR output defects using MATLAB/Simulink and compared the results of the ANN controller with those of a conventional PI controller. The DVR output was modeled in MATLAB/Simulink for three types of defects and two degrees of voltage sag and swell. The results demonstrated that the DVR effectively mitigated voltage sags and swells in the JDW sugar mills distribution network. Furthermore, during the validation of the proposed ANN, a comparison of results with the conventional PI controller under balanced and unbalanced sags and swells showed a significant improvement. The ANN achieved a voltage restoration of up to 99.8% and a total harmonic distortion of 13.5%, a marked improvement over the PI controller, which achieved 97% voltage restoration and 19.5% total harmonic distortion, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Motherhood is considered to be a joyous occasion cross-culturally but can bring forth an array of issues including depression. In Asia, Pakistan is dangerously high on the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) with sporadic results ranging from 28 to 63%, which could be due to the use of non-indigenous tools. Methods: An exploratory study-mixed method design was implied. During phase I mothers in the postpartum phase (up to 12 months) and experts were interviewed, items were generated, and pilot study was conducted. In second phase exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to establish construct validity, convergent and divergent validity was also established. Results: A pool of 46 items was generated related to postpartum depression, which was reduced to 35 items as per the factor loading of 0.5 in exploratory factor analysis. Psychometric properties of the scale revealed good reliability (Cronbach α = 0.92) and factor structure of the scale. As per exploratory factor analysis five factors were revealed, explaining 58.07% variance, and the model was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The scale showed significant positive correlation with Edinburgh' postpartum depression scale, depression anxiety and stress scale; establishing convergent validity and significant negative correlation with satisfaction with life scale; establishing divergent validity of the scale. Conclusion and implications for translation: Questionnaire of postpartum depression scale is a reliable and valid tool that can be used to measure postpartum depression in Asian mothers and provide targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]