The significance of music and its practices in the context of the musicianprofessor training are not only related to music and its formal contents, but also to the cognitive mechanisms involved and the way of understanding the social world in a broader approach. Based on the Piagetian clinical-critical method, the present study aimed to analyze the meanings of music graduates about the roles of musician and professor to understand the mechanisms of thought involved, through problematizing situations. The research involved the participation of four undergraduate music students from a public university in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The movements made possible by the interrelations observed in the significances of the participants in this study proved to be distinct, even though they were caused by problematizing situations guided by a similar methodological proposal. The participants' responses stand out in four dimensions in relation to the meanings of Musician and Professor: knowing how to do, teaching, intellectual and action schemes. The results pointed to the importance of understanding the cognitive mechanisms involved in the roles of Musician and Professor, to expand reflections on the development of the music student and specific actions that favor music education both in regular school and in different educational spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]