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Introduction: The incidence of Renal Cell Carcinomas (RCCs) has increased steadily and they have become the seventh most common histological type of cancer across the globe. Aim: To assess the profile of the patients of RCC with respect to age distribution, sex distribution, clinical presentation, site of tumour, risk factors, staging, histopathological examination, and operative complications. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in Department of Urology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India, from January 2019 to June 2020, that included patients with RCC. The pathology specimens and reports of patients with RCC who underwent laparoscopic, open, cytoreductive, and partial nephrectomy were reviewed. Data related to demographic characteristics, site of tumour, risk factors, co-morbidities, clinical features, histopathology, tumour grade and stage, type of surgery, intra-and postoperative complications, and Fuhrman nuclear grading system were recorded. Results: Total 60 patients diagnosed with RCC were included in this study. Of these, majority of patients were men (n=44). Majority of patients belonged to the age group of =60 years (n=39). Smoking (n=30), hypertension (n=30), obesity (n=20), and occupational exposure (n=8) were major risk factors associated with RCC. Haematuria (n=36), flank pain (n=24), hematuria and lump, with flank pain (n=18), and weight loss (n=18) were the most common clinical features in patients with RCC. According to the histopathologic type, 30 (50.0%) patients had clear cell RCC, 18 (30.0%) had papillary RCC, 8 (13.3%) had chromophobe RCC and the other four (6.7%) had cystic neoplasm, urothelial, angiomyolipoma, or sarcomatoid. Twenty-four patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy while 31 patients underwent open nephrectomy. Cytoreductive and partial nephrectomy was performed in three and two patients, respectively. Conclusion: The present study findings suggest that age has an impact on development of RCC. Also, intraoperative and postoperative complications were more common among patients who underwent open nephrectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the vertical and horizontal growth of Patna Urban Agglomeration was evaluated using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) technique during 2015–2018. The vertical urban growth assessment of the city landscape was assessed using microwave time series (30 temporal) datasets of Single Look Complex (SLC) Sentinel-1A interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar using SARPROZ software (ver. 2020). This study demonstrated that peripheral city regions experienced higher vertical growth (~4 m year−1) compared to the city core regions, owing to higher urban development opportunities leading to significant land use alterations, the development of high-rise buildings, and infrastructural development. While the city core of Patna observed an infill and densification process, as it was already saturated and highly densified. The rapidly urbanizing city in the developing region witnessed a considerable horizontal urban expansion as estimated through the normalized difference index for built-up areas (NDIB) and speckle divergence (SD) using optical Sentinel 2A and microwave Sentinel-1A ground range detected (GRD) satellite data, respectively. The speckle divergence-based method exhibited high urban growth (net growth of 11.28 km2) with moderate urban infill during 2015–2018 and reported a higher accuracy as compared to NDIB. This study highlights the application of SAR remote sensing for precise urban area delineation and temporal monitoring of urban growth considering horizontal and vertical expansion through processing a long series of InSAR datasets that provide valuable information for informed decision-making and support the development of sustainable and resilient cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Newborn screening (NBS) aims towards early detection of congenital disorders or prevention of intellectual and physical defects and life-threatening illness. Three disorders namely congenital hypothyroidism (CH), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PDD) were selected for a preliminary study for NBS. The study aimed to establish NBS in the Indian scenario that could lay a framework for future such initiatives. Methods: A screening programme was conducted at a tertiary care hospital for 1 year. All the neonates born at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, were screened for their blood levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Heel-prick blood samples were collected within 48–72 h of birth, and the level of these parameters was accessed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Results: A total of 492 neonates were born from January 2020 to December 2020, of which 369 newborns were screened for CAH, CH and G-6-PDD. Of 369 neonates, one case (male) had an increased level of TSH, six cases (all males) had an increased level of 17-OHP and no case was found with G-6-PDD. Interpretation and Conclusions: Preliminary data on the prevalence of various genetic disorders revealed that CAH is the most prevalent disorder followed by CH in the population of Bihar. More efforts need to be undertaken to create awareness and to make screening a successful programme in India. A cost-effective nationwide screening programme is highly recommended for the detection of such cases at the earliest to avoid their future complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]