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In this study, we updated the hydrological data from the 1950s to 2012 and analysed the temporal variations in the hydrological series of the Pearl River using the wavelet transform method. Furthermore, we quantified the climatic and anthropogenic effects on the changes in the hydrological processes in the Pearl River. The results of the combined methods of the wavelet transform method and the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test (i.e., wavelet trend test) reveal that the water discharge series exhibited a statistically insignificant changing trend since the 1950s; however, the sediment load series displayed a statistically significant decreasing trend. Comparisons of the results of the MK trend test and the wavelet trend test indicate that annual and inter-annual periodic oscillations affect the trend changes in the hydrological series. Statistical analysis and the double mass curve indicate that climatic change dominates changes in water discharge, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and human activities were mainly responsible for the phase changes in the sediment load. From 1973 to 1986, deforestation in the basin dominated the sediment variability and caused 83.2% of the increase in the sediment load compared to the reference period of 1957–1972. Even though water and soil conservation projects have been carried out since the early 1990s, the vegetation cover in the catchment area decreased by 6.5 × 10 4 km 2 from the late 1980s to the late 2000s, as detected by Landsat TM images, and water and soil conservation projects had little effect on the sediment reduction. Since the 1990s, dam construction has dominated sediment variability. Compared to the reference period, the sediment load due to dam construction decreased by 83.4 kg/s and 993.3 kg/s in the periods of 1987–1998 and 1998–2006, respectively, and the reduction in the sediment load increased to 1329.5 kg/s in the period of 2007–2012, indicating the intensifying impact of dam construction on the sediment reduction. The sediment sources in the Pearl River basin have changed, and scouring of the river channel has become a new sediment source in response to dam construction. The alteration of hydrological processes in the Pearl River will continue to occur in the future in the context of global climatic change, which is becoming increasingly important for river management in the Pearl River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]