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Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) affects 10 to 20% of noncardiac thoracic surgeries and increases patient morbidity and costs. The purpose of this study is to determine if preoperative CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score can predict POAF after pulmonary lobectomy for nonsmall cell lung cancer., Methods: Patients with complete CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc data who underwent lobectomies from January 2007 to January 2016 at a single institution were analyzed in a retrospective case-control study using a prospective database. An independent samples t -test was used to compare the mean CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc scores of POAF and non-POAF groups. A multivariable logistic regression analysis (MVA) evaluated the independent contribution of variables of the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score in predicting POAF. Chi-square test with univariate odds ratios (ORs) was used to determine a statistically significant cutoff score for predicting POAF., Results: Of 525 total patients, 82 (15.6%) developed POAF (mean CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score: 2.7) and 443 (84.4%) did not develop POAF (mean score: 2.3). Mean difference between these groups was significant at 0.43 ( p  = 0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09-0.76). In the MVA, significant predictors of POAF were age 65 to 74 years (adjusted OR [aOR] = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.31-4.70; p  = 0.006) and age ≥75 years (aOR = 3.11; 95% CI: 1.62-5.95; p  = 0.0006). Patients with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc scores ≥5 had significantly increased OR for POAF (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.22-5.50)., Conclusions: Preoperatively calculated CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score can predict POAF in patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy. Age is the most statistically significant independent predictor, and patients with scores ≥5 have significantly increased risk. Trials for POAF prophylaxis should target this population., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)