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Background: Hormonally sensitive organs in the neonate can change size within days of birth as circulating maternal estrogen wanes. Although several reports document the size of these organs through infancy, few focus attention on the near-birth period. Clinical and research evaluation of hormonal and genitourinary disorders would benefit from reference size standards.Objective: We describe the size of the uterus, ovaries, testes and breast buds in healthy term neonates.Materials and Methods: As part of the Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study, we sonographically measured the largest diameter of these organs in sagittal, transverse and anterior-posterior planes for 194 female and 204 male newborns up to 3 days old. We calculated mean, median and percentiles for longest axis length and for volume calculated from measured diameters. We evaluated size differences by laterality, gender and race and compared our observations against published values.Results: Mean length and mean volume were as follows: uterus, 4.2 cm and 10.0 cm3; ovary, 1.0 cm and 0.2 cm3; testis, 1.1 cm and 0.3 cm3 (0.4 cm3 Lambert volume); female breast bud, 1.2 cm and 0.7 cm3; male breast bud, 1.1 cm and 0.6 cm3. Breast buds were larger in females than males. Laterality differences were typically below the precision of clinical measurement. No significant race differences were detected.Conclusion: Using data from our large cohort together with published values, we provide guidelines for evaluating the size of reproductive organs within the first 3 days of age. Discrepancies between our results and published values are likely attributable to technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on studies related to industrial relations by researchers from the Center for Labor and Manpower Studies at Temple University School of Business Administration. Richard Leone is continuing a study of women returning to work through the intermediary of temporary help agencies. A research paper on comparative compulsory arbitration is being completed by J. Joseph Loewenberg. Walter J. Gershenfeld has completed the field work on a Carnegie Corporation project studying the experience with collective bargaining in higher education in Pennsylvania. David Zimmerman has been working on a national evaluation of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act.

A list of the United States' states ranked on the basis of their wealth and yearly public school expenditure is presented. The first in the list is New York. The state is followed by Pennsylvania and Illinois.

Purpose: Allegheny General Hospital (AGH) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was part of a statewide health care system that underwent a financial crisis and operational reorganization between 1998 and 2000. This study assessed internal medicine (IM) residents' perceptions of the effects of AGH's financial crisis on their residencies, Method: A confidential, program-based questionnaire was distributed to 75 IM residents at AGH in spring 2000 and included questions on demographic information, inpatient and outpatient medical education, and the hospital's financial crisis. Residents were asked to assess the effects of the financial crisis on their residencies, personal experiences, and attitudes toward health care systems. Outcomes included consideration of transfer, recommendation of the program to a medical student, concerns about fellowship opportunities, opinions about large health care systems, and medicine as a career recommendation., Results: A total of 71 residents (95%) responded to the questionnaire. Fifty-five (79%) had experienced effects on their residencies due to the financial crisis, but perceptions differed widely. Eighteen (25%) considered transferring from the program, but 44 of 59 (75%) would have recommended the program to a medical student. Because of the financial crisis, respondents reported significant changes in concerns about fellowship opportunities (p <.001), opinions about large health care systems (p <.001), and opinions about recommending medicine as a career (p <.001)., Conclusion: This study highlights the fact that residents serve as program ambassadors and their experiences may influence recruitment and retention. Thus, programs should consider ways to assess and address residents' concerns during any system crisis or reorganization.