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This article analyzes the causal determinants of income distribution in Peru (IDP) during the period 1985-2017. There is empirical evidence suggesting that the GDP per capita and the slowed and unsustained economic growth of the economy have negatively impacted IDP. This can be conceptualized as a W-shaped causal relationship, in contrast to Kuznets' inverted-U hypothesis, thus reflecting a dual economy with productivity differences, low levels of human capital, and institutional weakness. This article contributes to the debate by making several recommendations, namely: balancing the market-state-society relationship with free-market and non-rentier economic policies, human capital investment policies, innovation and technology, and strengthening the social capital (geared towards endogenous economic growth) of inclusive and sustainable human development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

¿Es el sistema educativo un factor nivelador del ingreso? Según datos provenientes de países en desarrollo, si bien la educación se ha expandido enormemente en los últimos decenios, la distribución del ingreso no se ha vuelto más equitativa. En el presente artículo se procura resolver esta aparente paradoja. Se construye un modelo teórico sobre la relación entre educación e ingresos en el que la identidad étnica desempeña un papel clave en el proceso de distribución. El modelo permite diagnosticar que el sistema educativo no es un factor nivelador de los ingresos. A partir del modelo teórico se deriva un conjunto más amplio de predicciones, que posteriormente se contrastan con información disponible respecto del Perú. Los resultados de las pruebas estadísticas coinciden con las predicciones del modelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]