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Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Peru, tuberculosis is among the first 15 causes of death in the entire nation and is considered endemic. The problem of abandoning treatment emerges as a major challenge in their fight. In this sense, the objective of this study was to design an efficient binary logistic regression model on sociodemographic factors for the prediction of abandonment of tuberculosis treatment in Peruvian patients. It was an observational, cross-sectional, and analytical research, where we worked with 362 subjects who made up the control and case groups. A data collection form was used, and data processing was carried out with the statistical programs RStudio and IBM SPSS Statistics. It is concluded that the male gender presents a higher proportion of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, increasing the probability of harm when faced with associated factors. The length of hospitalization and the lack of clear information about laboratory tests are risks for abandoning treatment and the consumption of hallucinogenic substances also increases the probability of abandonment. It is concluded that there is a notable absence of evaluations with a predictive approach since most previous studies have adopted a purely explanatory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Científica de Enfermería (2071-5080) is the property of Colegio de Enfermeros del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nursing at the Vanguard / Revista Enfermería a la Vanguardia (REVAN) is the property of Revista Enfermeria a la Vanguardia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Peruana de Investigación Materno Perinatal is the property of Peruvian Journal of Maternal Perinatal Research / Revista Peruana de Investigacion Materno Perinatal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The trematode Fasciola hepatica generates the zoonotic parasitosis known as fascioliasis, which especially afflicts school-age children from rural populations where agriculture is practiced. The objective of the review was to show the reality of fascioliasis in Peru compared to the rest of the world and its associated factors. A bibliometric, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, compiling publications up to the year 2021; such as original articles, short communications and case reports, using the combination of keywords and Boolean operators used in the Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Proquest and Scielo databases as an internet research strategy, as well as thesis of university repositories. It was found that the countries with the highest prevalence are Peru, Bolivia, Cambodia and Venezuela. The prevalence of fascioliasis in school-age children in Peru is greater than 15% and increases with altitude in endemic areas. The average prevalence in sheep is hyperendemic and in cattle and goats mesoendemic. In addition, possible factors associated with fascioliasis are the age and gender of the children, as well as the characteristics of your home; ingestion of raw vegetables and drinks; coexistence with pets, coinfection with intestinal parasites, some clinical signs and nutritional status. In conclusion, fascioliasis is a worldwide distribution parasitosis that still presents diagnostic problems, because the symptoms are due to the phase that the infection goes through and similar conditions presented by other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify associated factors to anemia in children under five years of age in La Libertad District, Huaraz, Ancash. Methods: It is a quantitative, observational, comparative case series, retrospective study. The population was children under five years of age in La Libertad District, Huaraz, 2019. The sampling was Probabilistic. Medical history data were collected around intrinsic and extrinsic factors for anemia. An exploratory analysis was performed to determine the associated factors. The information was analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2013 software spreadsheets® and in IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program. Results: The level of moderate anemia prevailed with 30%. Both males (OR=3.66; CI 95%: 1.65-8.08) and age older than 1 year (OR=13.99; 95% CI: 3.07-63.77) were intrinsic factors associated with the higher frequency of anemia (p<0.05). Regarding the extrinsic factors, belonging to a hamlet different to Cajamarquilla (OR=3.63; CI 95%: 1.44-9.16) and not having complete basic services (OR=2.72; CI 95%: 1.24-5.97) were also associated with a higher number of cases (p<0.05). Conclusions: The factors associated with a higher frequency of anemia cases were male sex, age over 1 year, belonging to a hamlet different to Cajamarquilla and not having complete basic services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Científica de Enfermería (2071-5080) is the property of Colegio de Enfermeros del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nursing at the Vanguard / Revista Enfermería a la Vanguardia (REVAN) is the property of Revista Enfermeria a la Vanguardia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Depression is a frequent psychological problem in the general population. There are no single conclusive causes for its development; on the contrary, it arises from the interaction of other emotional disorders. Determining risk factors is a primary objective to identify vulnerable individuals and optimize prevention., Objective: To analyze risk factors of the depression through network analysis in Peruvian adults from the general population., Methods: Cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. A total of 567 Peruvian adults who answered several instruments assessing depressive symptoms, insomnia, suicidal ideation and anxiety participated. An undirected network model with all psychological variables and a predictive path diagram was estimated to identify risk factors for depression. Measures of centrality, precision and stability were also analyzed., Results: The network structure showed that depression, insomnia, suicidal ideation, and anxiety were mutually associated. In terms of expected influence and predictability, depression obtained the highest value, followed by anxiety. In the prediction plot, all psychological variables were directly connected with depression, with anxiety having the highest connection. The tests of accuracy and stability (CS = 0,75), were robust., Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that problems with insomnia, suicidal ideation, and anxiety, are considerable risk factors for depression. Identifying and intervening early on those risk factors in adults in the general population could help to prevent the development of depressive symptoms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author has no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Objective: To investigate for factors associated with non-transmissible diseases and demographic and comorbid conditions among academic and administrative personnel at a Peruvian university. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried-out at a Peruvian university from December 2018 to February 2019 including 150 participants. The Chi square and Fisher's exact tests were used and odds ratios with 95%CI were calculated, a p value <0,05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 21.3% of participants had one comorbidity; 11.3% were smokers; 25.3% were drinkers; 66.7% consumed vegetables regularly; 82% did not perform physical exercises; 87.3% had dyslipidemia; 10.7% had arterial hypertension; 46.7% were overweight and 27.3% had obesity. Factors associated with arterial hypertension were male sex (OR=3.59, IC 95%: 1.10-11.70), age above 40 years (OR=4.21, IC 95%: 1.15-15.44), married status (0R=3.06, IC 95%: 1.01-9.31) and having an underlying disease (OR=6.21, IC 95%: 2.09-18.36). Factors associated with obesity were, being male (OR=4.54, IC 95%:1.97-10.46), living outside Barranca (OR=3.12, IC 95%: 1.27-7.68) and having high triglycerides (0R=10.48, IC 95%: 1.37-80.33). Conclusions: Factors associated with non-transmissible diseases were lack of physical exercise, low intake of vegetables and fruits, drinking alcohol and smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gerokomos is the property of Indemm Farma SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the greatest socioeconomic and medical difficulties worldwide. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and their association with hygiene and animal husbandry practices. The research was observational, basic, analytical and cross-sectional. The study population consisted of 542 primary school children from the district of Tamburco, Peru. Fecal samples were collected from 225 children of both sexes. These samples were analyzed using the direct technique with lugol and physiological saline solution. The quantitative Kato-Katz analysis was performed in the laboratory of the Micro Red de Salud Micaela Bastidas, in Tamburco. Pearson's chisquare tests, odds ratios and confidence intervals with confidence levels of 95% were performed using SPSS 23 software. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in children was 63.6% (143/225; 95% CI=57.1-70.1). Children who did not wash their hands before eating had a higher risk of infection with Blastocystis sp. (OR=20.8), Entamoeba coli (OR=16.9) and Giardia lamblia (OR=6.2) (p < 0.01). In addition, children walking barefoot were 2.1 times more at risk of becoming infected with Blastocystis sp. (p < 0,05). In conclusion, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tamburco children was high and was associated with the habits of not washing hands before eating and walking barefoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en Enfermería is the property of Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The incidence and prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders are currently one of the most important challenges to the mining sector. This paper proposes a procedure to prevent these diseases based on the active participation of workers. The procedure is structured in four stages: hazard identification, risk assessment, proposed improvements, and implementation and follow-up. To support the application of the procedure, a set of ergonomic methods and tools appropriate for mining work are outlined. The main results of the application of the procedure to an underground mine in Peru demonstrate its practical value, as well as its usefulness in improving working conditions and creating a preventive culture. The proposed procedure is expected to serve as a reference in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in mining works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High blood pressure (HBP), diabetes (DM2), obesity, dyslipidemia and lifestyle habits such as diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking are risk factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of risk factors, which are associated with cardiovascular diseases, in the population aged 18 to 64 years old living in the Ayacucho district and their relationship with modifiable behavioral factors. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in which the Ministry of Health’s “Research Model, Risk Factors of Noncommunicable Diseases, and Health-Related Quality of Life Measures” was applied to a sample of 412 people. Laboratory tests were conducted for glycemia and lipid panel, and weight, height (anthropometry) and blood pressure were recorded. The data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models and Chi-squared tests with a 95% confidence level. Results: 64.8% of the population showed at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prevalences of 14.6 and 7.8% were observed for HBP and DM2, respectively, which significantly increase with age (p<0.05) and occur more frequently in men, alcohol abusers and smokers who are poorly fed with low levels of physical activity. Conclusions: HBP, DM2, dyslipidemia and obesity are associated with modifiable behavioral risk factors. If corrective actions are implemented, the risk of acquiring cardiovascular diseases will be reduced. This information should be used in the evaluation of the impact of intervention programs carried out in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Septic shock is a potentially life-threatening condition. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and epidemiological factors associated with mortality in pediatric patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with septic shock., Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative case series study was conducted with children aged 1 month to 14 years with septic shock from 2018 to 2020 in a PICU in Lima, Peru. Patients were divided into deceased and survivor groups based on their condition at discharge from the PICU. The influence of each variable on mortality was assessed using a logistic regression model., Results: A total of 174 patients were included in the study, with 51 (29.3%) fatalities. Deceased patients, compared to survivors, were older, had a higher incidence of oncological disease (31.4% vs. 14.6%; p = 0.011), more frequently presented with hemoglobin ≤ 9 g/dL (44% vs. 28%; p = 0.043), lactate > 2 mmol/L (70% vs. 44%; p = 0.002), platelets ≤ 150 (×10 3 )/μL (77% vs. 42%; p < 0.001), and pH ≤ 7.1 (31% vs. 6%; p < 0.001). In the logistic regression model, factors related to mortality were having a pH ≤ 7.1 (odds ratio [OR] = 8.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.52-31.75) and platelets ≤ 150 (×10 3 )/μL (OR = 3.89; 95% CI: 1.40-10.84)., Conclusions: Factors associated with mortality in pediatric patients with septic shock were a pH ≤ 7.1 and platelets ≤ 150 (×10 3 )/μL in the assessments conducted upon admission to the PICU., (Copyright: © 2024 Permanyer.)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the magnitude of mental illnesses such as depression, not only in the general population, but also in healthcare personnel. However, in Peru the prevalence, and the associated factors for developing depression in healthcare personnel, are not known. The objective was to determine the prevalence and identify the factors associated with depression in healthcare personnel, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic., Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September in healthcare establishments. A sample of 136 health workers were included and a survey was applied to collect the data. Depression as a dependent variable was measured using the Zung self-report scale. To identify the associated factors, the bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression with STATA v 14., Results: The prevalence of depression was 8.8% (95%CI, 4.64-14.90). Having a family member or friend who had died from COVID-19 was associated with depression (OR = 6.78; 95%CI, 1.39-32.90; p = 0.017). Whereas the use of personal protective equipment was found to be a protective factor against developing depression (OR = 0.03; 95%CI, 0.004-0.32; p = 0.003)., Conclusions: Approximately 1 in 10 healthcare professionals and technicians developed depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in this study. In addition, having relatives or friends who had died from COVID-19 was negatively associated with depression and use of personal protective equipment was identified as a protective factor., (Copyright © 2021 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the frequency of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in two hospitals in Chiclayo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried-out among 100 admitted patients with ACS, a survey was applied to gather information on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. To evaluate symptoms associated with sleep-apnea we applied two scales, the Peruvian version of the Epworth somnolence scale and the snoring-somnolence scale. Results: the most frequent risk factors were abdominal obesity 87/88 (98.86%), age above 55 years in males and 65 years in females: 78/100 (78%), blood hypertension: 71/100 (71%), dyslipidemia: 54/97 (55.67%) and sedentarism: 49/97 (50.51%). Advanced age, blood hypertension, sedentarism and abdominal obesity were more common in females, while smoking was more common in males. Conclusions: The most frequent risk factor was abdominal obesity and the less frequent was family history of ACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The risk factors for early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) are well known. However, they have still not been evaluated in children of military personnel, which are a special population. Objective: To determine factors associated with EOS in children of Peruvian military personnel in a hospital. Materials and Methods: This is an observational, analytical, and retrospective study that included neonates hospitalized in the Neonatal Unit of the Hospital Militar Central, Peru between 2009 and 2017. Data were compiled from clinical history and hospital stay records. Sepsis cases were crosschecked against other variables of interest via generalized linear models. Results: Out of a total of 2,371 included neonates, 114 neonates were diagnosed with EOS. There was an increased frequency of neonatal sepsis with longer neonatal hospital stay (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-1.28; p<0.001), greater gestational age (aPR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05; p =0.003), and development of urinary tract infection in pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy (aPR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.39-3.73; p=0.003). In contrast, there was a lower incidence of neonatal sepsis in female neonates (aPR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42-0.99; p=0.044). Conclusions: The associated factors with EOS in children of Peruvian military personnel were sex, longer neonatal hospital stay, gestational age and development of urinary tract infection in pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy. The aforementioned information is significant in describing this neonate population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Consensus (16803817) is the property of Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To describe blood pressure (BP) values monitored at home (MAH) and to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in young medical students of a private university in Lima, Peru. Methods: Descriptive study of medical students between 18 and 23 years of age who filled-in a questionnaire on epidemiologic and life style data. An anthropometric evaluation was performed as well. Results: 46 students of the second year at the Medical School were recruited. One participant had high BP previously. Prevalence of high BO was 4.3%; 26.1% had overweight, mostly in males. Abdominal obesity was seen in 45.7% and abdominal obesity adjusted by age was seen in 65.2% of females and in 52.2% of males. Males had higher BP values; 66.7% of overweight and 100% of obese participants were sedentary. Over weighted participants had higher mean BP levels (p<0.05) compared to those with normal body weight. A linear regression was observed between mean BP values and cervical perimeter and abdominal circumference. Conclusions: Frequency of high BP found was not predictable. CRF such as overweight, abdominal obesity and sedentarism were prevalent in this population. BP-MAH should be introduced in future studies of high BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and nutritional anemia (NA) in children under five in Peru. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study with a stratified and multi-staged probabilistic sample conducted between November 2007 and April 2010.2,736 children were included for NA and 1,465 children for VAD. NA was defined as Hb<11 g/dL.VAD was identified by serum retinol levels <20 µg/dL. Sociodemographic variables related to the child and the mother were studied in addition to their participation in growth control and development programs, integrated nutrition program and supplementation with iron and vitamin A. Analysis of complex samples was performed, descriptive statistics and logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals and a significance level of p<0.05 were calculated. Results. The prevalence of VAD was 11.7% (95% CI: 9.4 to 14.4). The highest prevalences were in children under five months (44.6%) and those living in rural areas (19.5%). The prevalence of NA was 33% (95% CI: 29.9 to 36.1) and was higher in children under 11 months (68.2%) and children of mothers aged 13-19 years old (55.4 %). Conclusions. VAD is a public health problem that remains, with the most affected children living in rural areas and in the jungle. The prevalence of NA shows a slight improvement. It is necessary to improve the efficiency and impact of programs that include supplementation of vitamin A and iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify factors associated to acute renal injury (ARF) in patients attending the emergency room of a general hospital. Methods: Case-control, study that included 50 cases and 100 controls. Association we determined by calculating odds ratios. Results: Factors identified were severity of illness (OR=6,14); an infectious process at admission (OR=2.85); sepsis (OR=3.78) and septic shock (OR=6.77). Comorbidities associated to ARF were alcohol and tobacco consumption, cancer and neuropsychiatric illness (p=0.001). Age, gender and other variables were not associated. Conclusions: Severity of illness and presence of an infectious disease on admission correlated with ARF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Odontología Pediátrica is the property of Asociacion Sociedad Peruana de Odontopediatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Determine the nutritional status and factors associated to malnutrition in the elder population of Masma Chicche, Junin. Methods: Cross-sectional study in persons above 60 years of age in the district of Masma Chicche, Junin. The nutritional evaluation was performed using the mini nutritional assessment method (MNA); depression was evaluated using an integral geriatric valoration scale (Yesavage); functional status was evaluated using the Katz´s method; cognitive deterioration was measured by the Pfeiffer´s method; oral health was evaluated by the GOHA´s method and social status by the Guijon´s method. Descriptive statistics, Chi square and ANOVA tests were used to contrast variables, a p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 72 elder persons were evaluated; the prevalence of malnutrition was 29.9%; 57.9% were at risk for malnutrition. Prevalence of depression was 69.4%; 27.8% had cognitive deterioration; 93.1% had negative perception of their oral health; 51.4% were functionally dependant and 100% had any kind of social problem. Malnutrition was associated with age, male gender and depression. Conclusions: Almost one third of the elder population of Masma Chicche has malnutrition, which is associated with male gender and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess potential risk factors associated with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) among children in two communities from the Corrientes River basin in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods. Children aged 0-17 years were screened for BLLs, hemoglobin levels, and anthropometric measures. Dwelling, family, and child data were collected through a parental questionnaire. Statistical analysis included descriptive and bivariate analysis. Multiple linear and logistic regressions using generalized estimating equations were also conducted to determine associated risk factors. A map of each community was drawn to examine the spatial distribution of BLLs. Results. Of 208 children (88 from 23 households of the Peruanito community and 120 from 28 households of Santa Isabel), 27.4% had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. The geometric mean (± standard deviation) BLL was 8.7 ± 4.0 µg/dL (range 3.0-26.8 µg/dL). In the total population, linear regression analysis indicated that age was positively associated with BLLs (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that boys had 2.12 times greater odds of having BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL than girls (P < 0.05). Among the children 0-3 years, those whose mothers had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/ dL had 45.0% higher odds of presenting BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL than children whose mothers had BLLs < 10 µg/dL (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Older age, male gender, and mothers' BLL ≥ 10 µg/dL were the main risk factors for elevated BLLs. The higher risk in boys 7-17 years suggests that exposure could be related to specific activities in this group, such as fishing and hunting. Continuous monitoring of BLLs in the Corrientes River population is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alcohol use is one the most important risk factors for illness and early death in Peru. Measures aimed at decreasing or controlling the great impact caused by alcohol in the Peruvian society are urgently needed. This article identifies and promotes the implementation of public health measures supported by sound scientific evidence of effectiveness or, in some cases, cost-effectiveness. The 10 evidence-based public health measures identified and described here represent a set if measures with high probability of success if implemented, as they are supported by scientific evidence. We recommend that governments, at the national or local levels, apply these measures not individually, but in combination, arranging them into a plan or roadmap, where the framework in which they will be applied must be established according to each context. Considering the available resources, some of these measures could be implemented in the short and medium term while the others can be set in the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk/ protective factors (RPF) are main elements for the analysis, understanding and formulation of answers for the prevention of drug dependences. The objective of this article is to present a literature review about the RPF and their implications in the design of preventive programs. It will focus on individual (genetic aspects, early experiences and psicosocial skills), family (parental control and monitoring, permissiveness, parenting styles), peer (group pressure and social norms) and communitarian (disorganization) RPF. On the other hand, the need of incorporating a multifactor conceptual framework for the preventive approach to drug dependences, articulating the intervention spaces (school, family and community), assuming and evolving perspective allowing the implementations of sustained actions is evidenced. On top, the implications for future research and public policy formulation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of patients with inadequate prenatal care (PNC) and the factors associated with this event. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study and data was obtained interviewing the mothers, reviewing clinical records and Maternal Perinatal Card between August 2010 and January 2011 at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. We defined inadequate PNC as the failure of the minimum number of visits and schedule proposed by the Ministry of Health. We compared epidemiological, maternal and socioeconomic factors in groups with adequate PNC and non-adequate PNC. Results: We included 384 women, 66.05% received 6 or more prenatal controls and only 7.36% had an adequate PNC. 145 women had her first PNC before the 12 weeks of pregnancy. The factors with more frequency in the non-adequate PNC was a maternal parity more than 2 (p=0.02) and a non-planning pregnancy (p=0.003). Conclusions: The rate of non-adequate PNC was high. Having a maternal parity more than 2 and a non-planning pregnancy were associated with non-adequate PNC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To compare physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns of rural-to-urban migrants in Peru versus lifetime rural and urban residents and to determine any associations between low physical activity and four cardiovascular risk factors: obesity (body mass index ≥ = 30 kg/m² ), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Methods. The PERU MIGRANT (PEru's Rural to Urban MIGRANTs) cross-sectional study was designed to measure physical activity among rural, urban, and rural-to-urban migrants with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results. The World Health Organization (WHO) age-standardized prevalence of low physical activity was 2.2% in lifetime rural residents, 32.2% in rural-to-urban migrants, and 39.2% in lifetime urban residents. The adjusted odds ratios for low physical activity were 21.43 and 32.98 for migrant and urban groups respectively compared to the rural group. The adjusted odds ratio for being obese was 1.94 for those with low physical activity. There was no evidence of an association between low physical activity and blood pressure levels, hypertension, or metabolic syndrome. Conclusions. People living in a rural area had much higher levels of physical activity and lower risk of being overweight and obese compared to those living in an urban area of Lima. Study participants from the same rural area who had migrated to Lima had levels of physical inactivity and obesity similar to those who had always lived in Lima. Interventions aimed at maintaining higher levels of physical activity among rural-to-urban migrants may help reduce the epidemic of obesity in urban cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Identify the frequency and risk factors of leptospirosis outbreak in the locality of residence of an index case with icterohemorrhagic syndrome. Material and methods. Were interviewed and examined children and teenagers from residence area of index case who frequented a common source of infection between January and February, 2004. All of them were screened for leptospirosis using IgM-ELISA and microscopic agglutination test (MAT), PCR and culture. Results. Were enrolled 77 subjects between 2 to 18 years old, only 21 (27.3%) were confirmed cases. The signs and symptoms of the confirmed cases were fever, headache, myalgia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Three of them presented with jaundice, bleeding and renal failure. The presence of contact with the source of infection of underground water (OR=3.26, 95%IC 1.22 to 8.72), and the contact with dogs in the water source of infection (OR = 5.63, 95%IC = 1.40 to 22.63) were identified as significant factors associated with leptospirosis. Conclusions. It was confirmed an outbreak of leptospirosis in a new epidemiological context related to a common source of underground water and associated by contact with dogs in the same source. This data will allow to expand the knowledge about this disease as well as to consider leptospirosis as an important cause of acute febrile disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection characterized by a change in the micro flora of the vagina. BV has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STI). Objective. To identify the association of douching and other behavioral risk factors in relation to BV. Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 1252 women attending in 3 public hospitals and one specialized institute in Lima, Peru in 1997. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of women. BV was diagnosed by the Nugent's score. Logistic regression procedures were employed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results. Mean age of participants was 25.1 ± 4.7 and 23.4% had more than 11 years of formal education. The prevalence of BV was 20.1% and significantly associated with a number of behavioral risk factors. Women who practice douching (OR: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.0-5.0), having two or more sexual partners (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.5) and who started sexual intercourse at a younger age (OR:1.4; 95% CI: 1.0-1.9) have more risk to get BV. Conclusion. Vaginal douching is a risk factor associated with BV among Peruvian women. Programs aimed at women's health must address the adverse health outcomes associated with douching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To estimate the prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of Arequipa, the second largest city in Peru. Methods. The prevalence and patterns of smoking, alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, high-fat diet, and low fruit and vegetable intake were evaluated among 1 878 subjects (867 men and 1 011 women) in a population-based study. Results. The age-standardized prevalence of current smoking, former smoking, and never smoking were 21.6%, 14.3%, and 64.1%, respectively. The prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher in men than women (31.1% vs. 12.1%; P < 0.01). The prevalence of current alcohol use was 37.7% and significantly higher in men than women (55.5% vs. 19.7%; P < 0.01). Similarly, the prevalence of binge drinking was 21.2%, and the percentage of men who binge drink (36.1%) was significantly higher than for women (6.4%; P < 0.01). The vast majority of alcohol drinkers reported a pattern of alcohol consumption mainly on weekends and holidays rather than regular drinking with meals during the week. The proportion of insufficiently active people was 57.6% and was significantly higher in women than men (63.3% vs. 51.9%; P < 0.01). Overall, 42.0% of adults reported consuming high-fat diets, 34.5% reported low fruit intake, and 33.3% reported low vegetable intake. Conclusions. The high prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors found in this Andean population is of concern. Preventive programs are urgently needed to deal with this growing problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospiras in asymptomatic persons engaged in agriculture, fisheries and trade, and domestic dogs from Chancay (Huaral, Lima). Material and methods. Cross sectional survey, serum samples were taken from 268 residents of three localities, who were assessed of the presence of total antibodies against Leptopsiras by IgG ELISA and microagglutionation test (MAT). We founded the associated factors with positive Leptospiras calculating OR and 95% confidence interval. By de same token, it took serum samples from 241 dogs to be tested for MAT Results. The prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira in asymptomatic persons was 10.1% (95%CI: 6.3-13.9), wich was associated tith water supply for consumption in creek or pit (OR: 3.48, 95%CI: 1.39- 8.74), with the history of swimming in the river or canal (OR: 4.75, 95%CI: 1.51-14.92) and have an age between 21-40 years (OR: 2.47, 95%CI: 1.10-5.52). The most frequent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola according MAT. In dogs, 27.8% (67/241) had positive serology to Leptospiras. Conclusions. There is a median prevalence of positive serology for Leptospiras in the asymptomatic general population and encouraging conditions for the presence of Leptospiras in the localities studied. In this areas is recommended frequent preventive educational activities, taking in to account the results of this study and health personnel to be suspected of Leptospirosis as a cause of febrile syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with cervical lesions or presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in women students with higher education from 18 to 26 years. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study in students from two universities and a technical institute in Lima were carried out from August through December 2001. We surveyed women and collected cervical samples for PAP smear and HPV DNA detection for the 6, 11, 16 and 18 strains using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The analysis was limited to HPV DNA and PAP smear samples of the 321 sexually--active students. Results: The prevalence of HPV (6, 11, 16, 18) was 8,4%, and for cervical lesions were 2,5% (by PAP smear). The cervical lesions or presence of HPV were more frequent in the group of 21 to 23 years (p= 0,024). The difference in age (three or more years) between the oldest sexual partner and the participant was associated significantly to cervical lesions or presence of HPV (OR:8,8; CI95:1,9-39,6). Age of first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners and condom use, showed no statistical significance. Conclusions: Cervical lesions or presence of HPV are common in this population of young women. Age and the age difference with the oldest sexual partner were associated with cervical lesions or presence of HPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the associated factors to the intradomiciliary infestation for Ae. aegypti in Tambogrande district, Piura (Northern Coastal of Peru). Material and methods: We conducted a case control study in the capital of district of Tambogrande, in December of the 2004. We regarded as housing-case (Hc) to the positive housing for Ae. aegypti infestation, and control housing (Ho) to the negative housing for Ae. aegypti infestation in at least a year with the following criteria, housing once was located in the district's capital, according to the larval control register activities. For each case we considered two controls. We apply to the person in charge of the housing's care that we included environmental, social and cultural factors in the questionnaire. Associates factors with p<0,10 value in the univariate analysis they were included in logistic regression model to estimate them OR adjusted and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: We poll 60 Vc and 124 Vo. The associated factors found in the multiple logistic model they went the presence of bottles in housing (OR: 7,66; CI: 2,95 - 19,84), household located at less than 200 m from a tire deposit (OR: 2,90; CI:1,13 - 7,48), household located at less than 200 m from a wood deposit (OR: 2,76; CI:1,14 - 6,66), and households with an inner garden (OR: 2.31; CI: 0,98 - 7,48) were statistically significant. We also identified that a household that has a maid (OR: 0,07; CI: 0,14 - 0,37) was a protective factor. Conclusions: The factors identified should be taken into account in the development of vector control programs in Tambogrande. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild rabies in Peru is related in most of cases to (Desmodus rotundus) vampire bats bite. The zone of Apurimac river valley it has notified in frequent form attacks of vampires as much to the cattle as to the settlers. A matched case-control study was carried to determine the risk factors associated with the vampire bite in three communities bordering to the river. Were included 39 cases and 67 controls, 70% were women, 14% recognized the rabies as a mortal disease and 36% identified to the dog or the bat as responsible of its transmission. All the cases were bitten during the night, 70% were more of one attack in the last twelve months and all their houses presented facilities for the access of the bats. To be younger of 15 years (OR: 84,8) and not to use bednets to sleep (OR: 18,5) they were risk factors, was not show association with sex, knowledge of the disease, presence of cattle in the house nearness and bites at the cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adults in Lambayeque, Peru in 2004. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross sectional, and descriptive study was performed in Lambayeque, including 1000 persons between 30 to 70 years of age, using a probabilistic multi-staged sampling procedure. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed, as well as glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol determinations were performed. ATPIII and Latin American Office for Information on Lipids definitions for metabolic syndrome were used. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to ATPIII criteria is 28,3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25,4-37,1) and according to the Latin American Office it is 33,2% (95% IC: 28,1-38,3), prevalence figures for hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL are 17,8%, 3,3%, 47,3%, 43,4%, and 56,3%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30) is 20,2%, central obesity using abdominal circumference (ATP III) is 44,4%, and using the waist-hip ratio (Latin American Office) it is 63,3%. No associations were found between metabolic syndrome and fish consumption, high-caloric diet, physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and occupation. Being male sex and ≥50 years old were the only associations found. Conclusions: One out of four adults in Lambayeque has metabolic syndrome, the condition increases in frequency with age, and it is more prevalent in males, according to ATPIII criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify personal and institutional factors associated with choice of in house preference as a place for delivery a child. Materials and methods: A case control study was performed in Pachacutec micro-network, Ventanilla district, Callao, Peru. 52 cases were included: fertile women whose last delivery occurred at home; and 208 controls: fertile women living in the same geographical area with a history of institutional delivery. OR and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, a bivariated analysis was performed and significant variables were entered in a logistic regression model in a multivariated analysis. Results: Average age of cases included was of 28 ± 6,5 years, and the controls of 26 ± 6,1 years. Bivariated analysis showed a significant association for a variety of factors, but when multivariated analysis was used, this association was not confirmed. Finally, risk factors were as follows: poor continuity for personnel taking care of the delivery w=25,78 (p=0,00); OR=25,48 (95% CI: 7,30-88,93); poor understanding in the dialogue between health care providers and user during health consultation w=7,61 (p=0,006); OR=4,34 (95%: CI 1,53-12,31); and the household as planned place for giving birth w=25,14 (p=0,000); OR=16,84 (95% IC: 5,58-50,8). Conclusions: Continuity of personnel taking care of the delivery, a poor understanding in the dialogue between health care providers and user during health consultation; and the household as a chosen place for giving birth are highly associated with in-house delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the clinical and pathologic characteristics of ectopic pregnancy carriers at Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (ERMH) between 1998 and 2002. Matherial and Methods: In a descriptive, retrospective, and transversal study we included 203 patients with ectopic pregnancy, admitted between January 1998 and December 2002 at ERMH. Results The frequency was 0.55%. Most of patients were between 25-39 years old (89.17%), had a menarchia between 9-13 years old (66.50%), amenorrhea between 6-8 weeks (48.77%). The abdomino-pelvic surgery was found in 102 (50.24%) patients, intrauterine device was the most frequent contraception method, used in 45 patients (22.16%). UItrasonography was the most frequent diagnostic test used in 201 (99.01%) and â HCG in 104 (51.23%) patients. Tubal pregnancy was found in 197 (97.04%) cases: 47.72% ampullar, 29.44% itsmical 7.11% intersticial and 4.06% fimbrical in 11.67% cases its location was not specified. Extra-tubal pregnancy was found in 6 cases: 3 (I.48%) ovaric, 2 (0.99%) cervical and I (0.99%) abdominal. Conclusion: The frequency of ectopic pregnancy was 0.55% or 1/183 deliveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of antibodies against leptospira in asymptomatic persons in people working in commerce and agriculture in Coronel Portillo province in Ucayali department, Peru. We also aimed at determining the prevalence of leptospirosis in domestic animals. Material and Methods: In this analytic cross-sectional study, serum samples from 364 people in 4 sites were taken, and we measured serum total antibodies against leptospira using an ELISA test and a microagglutination assay. A statistical analysis was performed in order to determine the degree of association between the population general characteristics and the data collected in the survey with being positive for antibodies against leptospira. Simultaneously we took 374 serum samples from domestic animals (dogs), and we performed microagglutination test in these samples. Results: 364 persons were enrolled, and 227 (62.4%) female and 137 (37.6%) male. 114 (31.3%) persons had antibodies against leptospira, and most frequent serovars were Bratislava and Georgia. Factors likely to be associated with having positive antibodies against leptospira in the population studied were: to keep food at the household (OR= 2.221), being a farmer (OR= 3.418), being a manual workers and a farmer (OR= 2.088), and to throw rubbish in the field (OR= 2.348). Amongst dogs, 181 (52.2%) has positive serological tests for leptospira. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of positive serological tests for leptospira in the general asymptomatic population, and there are favorable conditions for the development of Leptospira infections in the sites studied. We recommend to frequently perform educational and preventive activities, taking into account the results from our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 9 month follow-up pilot study was performed in a 52-schoolchildren cohort at Santo Tomás in Iquitos, Peru. Their nutritional status was determined at the beginning and at the end of the study, as well as the presence of malaria. 9,6% children were underweight according to their age, 32,7% were smaller than what was expected for their age, 61,9% had low serum retinol concentrations and 7,7 had a body mass index (BMI) below the 5th percentile. The parameters measured did not have significant variations when comparing initial and final measurements. The small height found was associated with the frequency of malaria (RR: 5,49, p= 0,032). This variable may be an indicator for deficient living conditions; which, in turn, favor malaria transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of leptospirosis and its risk factors in persons presenting with fever in mining areas (gold search at the riverbanks), and the prevalence of infection in dogs in Manu province, Madre de Dios department, Peru. Material and methods: Analytic cross-sectional study. 71 blood samples were taken from persons presenting with fever who came from five mining areas. The presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against Leptospira were determined using an ELISA method and a micro-agglutination test (MAT). Results: 71 persons were assessed, 47 (66,2%) were female and 24 (33,8%) were male; 26 (36,6%) had antibodies against Leptospira. The risk factors associated to Leptospira infection in these persons were as follows: to use river water in their household (OR= 9,09, p= 0,017), to use river water in the field (OR= 7,13, p= 0,042), to swim in the river (OR= 4,60, p= 0,13), to live in a house with a plastic and straw roof (OR= 4,04, p= 0,013). In dogs, 18 (66,6%) had a positive serology for Leptospira. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of leptospirosis in persons presenting with fever and favorable conditions for the development of this infection in the studied areas. It is recommended that preventive educational activities should be performed, taking into account the risk factors identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]