1. Minimally Invasive Saliva Testing to Monitor Norovirus Infection in Community Settings.
- Author
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Pisanic, Nora, Ballard, Sarah-Blythe, Colquechagua, Fabiola D, François, Ruthly, Exum, Natalie, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Schwab, Kellogg J, Granger, Douglas A, Detrick, Barbara, Olortegui, Maribel Paredes, Mayta, Holger, Sánchez, Gerardo J, Gilman, Robert H, Heaney, Christopher D, Vinjé, Jan, and Kosek, Margaret N
- Subjects
NOROVIRUS diseases ,DAY care centers ,SALIVA ,IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ,POLYMERASE chain reaction ,COMPARATIVE studies ,FECES ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,RNA viruses ,VIRAL antibodies ,EVALUATION research ,CASE-control method ,RECEIVER operating characteristic curves ,REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
Background: Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Routine norovirus diagnosis requires stool collection. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a noninvasive method to diagnose norovirus to complement stool diagnostics and to facilitate studies on transmission.Methods: A multiplex immunoassay to measure salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to 5 common norovirus genotypes (GI.1, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) was developed. The assay was validated using acute and convalescent saliva samples collected from Peruvian children <5 years of age with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-diagnosed norovirus infections (n = 175) and controls (n = 32). The assay sensitivity and specificity were calculated to determine infection status based on fold rise of salivary norovirus genotype-specific IgG using norovirus genotype from stool as reference.Results: The salivary assay detected recent norovirus infections and correctly assigned the infecting genotype. Sensitivity was 71% and specificity was 96% across the evaluated genotypes compared to PCR-diagnosed norovirus infection.Conclusions: This saliva-based assay will be a useful tool to monitor norovirus transmission in high-risk settings such as daycare centers or hospitals. Cross-reactivity is limited between the tested genotypes, which represent the most commonly circulating genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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