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The paper considers the appearance and meaning of city walls on ducal and municipal seals in 13th-century Poland. Despite the great popularity of the motif, actual stone or brick fortifications, both of towns and castles, were rare in Poland at the time. It is especially striking that in the area of Kuyavia, where local dukes introduced the motif onto their seals at an early stage, such architectonic structures were almost entirely absent. Several towns also employed images of stone walls on their seals before they gained the real fortifications. The motif of fortification is examined here as a symbol of civilization in a wider sense, and particularly that of the communal town. The final section the paper explores ways in which Polish society might have come to understand this symbolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Social Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Społecznych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to investigate the popularity of outpatient spine surgery in Poland, identify factors influencing its adoption, and assess its benefits, challenges, and impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Additionally, the study proposes strategies to improve outpatient spine surgery adoption and ensure its safe implementation in Poland.Materials and Methods: An electronic survey was distributed to members of the Polish Spine Surgery Society and the Polish Neurosurgery Society. Data were analyzed using Matlab R2020b statistical software, employing descriptive statistics to summarize the responses.Results: The survey indicated that 67% of respondents provide spinal procedures commercially, with 58% performing them on an outpatient basis, showing the growing role of the private sector in providing spinal surgery services in Poland. Root nerve blocks and joint blocks were the most common outpatient procedures, followed by microdiscectomy, endoscopic discectomy, and L-S spinal fusion. The public NHF was the most common payer for outpatient procedures.Conclusion: Outpatient spine surgery in Poland is not yet widespread, but improvements can be made to reduce hospital stays and enhance recovery. Changes in reimbursement systems to cover outpatient procedures and addressing physicians' liability concerns, particularly by emphasizing the NO-fault system, are essential. With proper support, outpatient spine surgery could become a valuable addition to Poland's healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Onomastica is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An extract from Sarnicki's work Ovidius inter Sarmatas expresses the belief - based on Ovid's words - that the Roman poet lived among the Sarmatians, who were the ancestors of Poles. The aim of this article is to search for the origins of the fascination with Ovid in Poland using historical, literary, and cultural analyses. In the 16th century, Ovid's links with Sarmatia gave rise to the legend that he had lived in Poland, had learned to speak the Polish language, and had died and been buried near the Black Sea, that is, within the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was claimed that Ovid was the first Polish poet, and his 'naturalisation' and the 'discovery of his grave' shaped the consciousness of the ruling classes and the elites of the Commonwealth. This phenomenon, combined with the widespread popularity of Metamorphoses, may have left its mark on the character of the decorations of the Polish palaces, including the 17th- and 18th-century royal residences, such as the Wilanów Palace and the Royal Baths Palace in Warsaw, which are filled with numerous Ovidian motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Elementary Education in Theory & Practice is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper investigates how birth order and gender jointly influence naming decisions among Polish parents. The impact of birth order on the choice of first names has been extensively documented in historical and anthropological studies worldwide, but it has been largely ignored in sociological research on contemporary Western countries. The study is based on a survey of 317 users of a Polish parenting forum devoted to first names and naming decisions. The names of the first-born and second-born children of the research participants are compared in terms of their popularity and traditionality, measured both objectively and subjectively, in regard to the subjective motives declared behind the naming choices. The findings show that, on the whole, the first-born children received more popular and more traditional names than the second-borns. However, when the gender of the children was figured in, the difference between the first-born and the second-born boys turned out statistically significant only in the dimension of traditionality, whereas between the first-born and the second-born girls, only in the dimension of popularity. In a within-family comparison, the names given to siblings were found to be fairly consistent in both dimensions, and the gender of the first child influenced the preferences for the second one, especially if the latter was a girl. Those results can be interpreted in the frame of different social expectations towards the genders, with a particular focus on gendered concepts of the self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: With the progression of climate change and environmental degradation, eco-labels are becoming an effective tool in distinguishing and promoting ecological products. The regulations established within the European Union tend to facilitate ecological initiatives of enterprises, especially of the ones already focusing on minimizing their impact on the environment. A good example of such activity was the introduction of the EU Ecolabel. The aim of the study was to analyze the popularity of the EU Ecolabel certification granted to products and services from Poland. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve thus adopted goal, the method of desk research was applied. It consists in carrying out an analysis based on secondary data. In this case, the focus was on quantitative data available on the websites and databases of the European Commission, which is the body supervising the EU Ecolabel licensing process. The data in question is characterized by high level of availability and comprehensiveness. Findings: The conducted analysis has led to the conclusion that when considering the number of certified products per number of inhabitants, the number of enterprises or the number of membership years in the European Union, Poland assumes values below the average for the entire Union. Therefore, it was found that the EU Ecolabel certification in Poland is not as popular as in most EU countries. Furthermore, the assessment of the most common categories of certified products has shown that it differs statistically from the EU average in only two cases. Namely, indoor and outdoor paints and varnishes, and hard surface cleaning products - these two categories accounted for a greater share of the total number of certified products in Poland than in the European Union. Practical implications: The results of the study suggest the need for the intensification of actions that should be taken in order to increase the popularity of the EU Ecolabel. This could be achieved by, for example, introducing incentives for businesses and promoting the EU Ecolabel among consumers. Originality/value: The study shows the most up-to-date structure of EU Ecolabel certificates in the European Union countries and Poland. The conducted analysis makes it possible to search for determinants contributing to the increase in the number of certified products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the profile of the outstanding Polish musician Jan Rakowski. His artistic activities were related to playing the viola and viola d'amore, which was completely unknown at that time. The author describes the use of viola d'amore in Poland until the end of the 19th century, and outlines its popularity in Western Europe and the United States. In order to reliably present the figure of Jan Rakowski, press excerpts about his achievements concerning playing the viola d'amore are presented. This leads to the assessment of his activity. An important element of the work is a reference to Stefan Bolesław Poradowski's composition, Concerto for viola d'amore and string orchestra, and drawing attention to the problem with the dating and titling of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the degree of popularisation of the voluntary pension system in Poland and examines the popularity of the existing forms of savings. The aim of the article is also to try to answer the question which of the existing forms of additional saving offer the greatest chance of enhancing the income adequacy of pensions by increasing the low replacement rates that can be expected from the general basic system. The paper begins with a review of selected studies on the development of voluntary forms of additional saving for retirement in Poland. In the next section the author addresses the issue of voluntary retirement savings from an individual perspective in the context of the forecast declining replacement rate. The third section focuses on an analysis of the dissemination of the existing forms of voluntary saving for retirement and their potential to increase the income of pensioniers in Poland. The conducted analysis proved that the degree of popularisation of additional forms of saving for retirement in Poland is still low, although the greatest potential for its increase should be seen in the development of employee capital plans (pracownicze plany kapitałowe, PPK). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of „Hildegard’s medicine” in Poland has been noticeable for years and contributes both to the creation of native guides and the translation of foreign texts on treatment methods, recipes for herbal mixtures or diets that were to be used in her patients by the saintly Germanic Benedictine. Along with the often uncritical affirmation of the principles presented as coming from Hildegard of Bingen, there are also voices against the same studies as well as Causae et curae or Physica, the accusations of which are not unfounded. This article is an attempt to answer these two extreme positions and to find areas on which it is possible to apply the recommendations and thoughts of Hildegardian scriptures in the context of phytotherapy, but also problems related to changes taking place in highly developed societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains a review of the translation of Dire quasi la stessa cosa. Esperienze di traduzione by Umberto Eco (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2021) into Polish, authored by Jadwiga Miszalska and Monika Surma-Gawłowska. Notwithstanding the significant popularity of Eco's literary and scholarly work in Poland, his influential volume of essays on translation was published in Polish almost twenty years after the original edition. In the first place, the review focuses on the translators' approach to multilingualism and Italocentrism of Eco's source text. It also addresses the issues of validity and actuality of Eco's semiotic contribution to translation studies, by confronting it with recent trends in translation scholarship, especially with Kobus Marais's bio-semiotic theory of translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the status of memory studies as an academic discipline as well as their complex terminology and methodology. The author focuses on examples from Poland and Germany, arguing that in spite of many initiatives, such as academic associations or academic journals, memory studies are an interdisciplinary field rather than an academic discipline. The term 'memory' is usually used as a metaphor or analytical tool instead of being the actual object of research. The current popularity of historical issues in the public sphere requires a more precise and disciplined approach to the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in the Polish civil society. It starts with a presentation of key determinants that have driven its development and popularity. In the main section, the complexity of social enterprise and entrepreneurship concepts are introduced, with their key characteristics. Following that, three dominant schools of thought on social enterprise are presented with reference to civil society phenomenon. Before locating social entrepreneurship, some key elements and methodological issues in the area of civil society are analyzed and discussed. Finally, two models of social enterprise are identified and their background briefly presented. The author supplements this analysis with some key statistics on social enterprise models for Poland. They introduce the reader into the state of the art of social enterprises in Poland. Also, valuable data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor on social entrepreneurship are introduced to give the overall picture of the phenomenon in Central and Eastern European countries. Both analytical approaches are discussed in the light of the three schools of thought on social enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Development of simple, valid and reliable instruments to determine nursing care rationing is a subject of ongoing research. One such instrument, which is gaining popularity worldwide and has significant research applicability, is the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care (BERNCA) and its revised version, the BERNCA-R. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the BERNCA-R into a Polish-language version and to assess its reliability and validity in evaluating the level of implicit rationing of nursing care in Poland. Standard methodological requirements were followed during translation and cultural adaptation of the English version of the BERNCA-R questionnaire into Polish. The cross-sectional validation study was conducted between May and September 2017, which included 175 nurses undergoing specialisation and qualification courses at the European Postgraduate Education Centre in Wrocław, Poland. Cronbach's alpha and inter-item correlations were used to analyse the internal consistency of the Polish BERNCA-R questionnaire. The mean total BERNCA-R score was 1.9 points (SD = 0.74) on a scale of 0–4. Cronbach's alpha for the unidimensional scale was 0.96. The mean inter-item correlation was 0.4 (range 0.1–0.84), which indicates high internal consistency. A single-factor solution demonstrated stable loadings above 0.5 for almost all items of the Polish BERNCA-R questionnaire. The study using the Polish BERNCA-R questionnaire demonstrated that the instrument is valid and reliable for use in investigating care rationing in groups of Polish nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to determine the preferences concerning Facebook usage by university students in Poland and the Czech Republic regarding their gender and nationality. This study aimed also to discover the relation between the need to be popular on Facebook and three key factors: the number of Facebook friends, activity on Facebook and perceived enjoyment during this activity. To get necessary data, multiple research tools were developed - a questionnaire consisting of four sections and a 12-item questionnaire measuring the level of the need for popularity. Results show that there is no significant differences in the background of Facebook usage between Polish and Czech students. However, there is a statistically significant correlation between the need for popularity and two factors: the number of friends (r = .501) and the level of perceived enjoyment in using Facebook (r = .401). The results suggest that participants feel pleasure while undertaking different actions on Facebook and treat Facebook as a way to increase their perceived popularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the analysis presented in this paper is to examine the dynamics of including other-sex peers in the peer networks of early adolescents, aged 11 (at T1) and 13 (at T2), and the relationship between sex heterophily and changes in the sense of peer integration. The analysis was conducted using the Latent Difference Score (LDS) model with data from a representative nationwide longitudinal study in Poland (n = 5748). With reference to the dynamics related to the heterophilic process, the research confirmed that at the beginning of grade 5 of primary school, heterophily is still relatively rare, yet towards the end of early adolescence, there is a gradual shift, more strongly in girls, towards breaking through the strictly same-sex segregation and embarking on heterophilic relationships. Importantly, the LDS model-even when controlling for different measures of peer network-showed significant and positive (among both girls and boys) relations between establishing cross-sex relationships and the sense of peer integration. The results indicate that the appearance of the opposite sex in the peer network between grades 5 and 6 will improve the sense of peer integration. The findings are discussed in relation to results from other studies in the field.

This research was aimed to provide a comprehensive test of the classic notion that narcissistic individuals are appealing as short-term romantic or sexual partners. In three studies, we tested the hypotheses that narcissism exerts a positive effect on an individual's mate appeal and that this effect is mediated by high physical attractiveness and high social boldness. We implemented a multimethod approach and used ratings of opposite sex persons (Study 1), ratings of friends (Study 2), and records of courtship outcomes in naturalistic interactions (Study 3) as indicators of mate appeal. In all cases, narcissism had a positive effect on mate appeal, which was mainly due to the agentic self-enhancement aspects of narcissism (rather than narcissists' lacking communion). As predicted, physical attractiveness and social boldness mediated the positive effect of narcissism on mate appeal. Findings further indicated that narcissism was more strongly linked to mate appeal than to friend appeal.