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Responding to stimuli in accordance with the noticed and derived relations between them exerts influence on various mental skills, including the problem solving, language communication, and social functioning. In the behavioral psychology deriving relations between the stimuli (e.g. objects, events) is referred to as relational framing and is defined as the learned, generalized operant behavior. Researchers working within the Relational Frame Theory (RFT) (Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, Roche, 2001) claim that the process involved in acquiring complex language relations can be explained in terms of the arbitrary applicable relational responding (AARR). A growing body of research demonstrates the effectiveness of interventions based on the relational responding in various populations, including those with atypical development. Despite wide interest in RFT amongst international researchers and practitioners, it is still relatively unknown in Poland. The presented article aims at introducing RFT, conceived as a behavioral functional approach to language and cognitive abilities, to the Polish language speaking community, as well as presenting the possibilities of its application in therapy of autism spectrum disorder, including improving communication, skills generalization, and perspective taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the publication was to present the interdisciplinary guidelines of the Urogynecology Section of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (PSGO) for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome based on the available literature, expert knowledge, and everyday practice., Material and Methods: A review of the literature, including current recommendations for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome, urinary incontinence, urgency and mixed urinary incontinence, as well as the earlier recommendations of the PSGO Urogynecology Section, was conducted., Results: Management of the patients with OAB is presented. Four lines of therapy were identified: 1) educating the patient, behavioral therapy with pelvic floor muscle training, 2) pharmacotherapy, 3) botulinum toxin injection and tibial nerve stimulation; and sacral nerve stimulation even though so far it has been used only in selected populations, 4) surgical intervention. The literature reports which provided supporting evidence and presented various aspects of the therapy were discussed. OAB pharmacotherapy-related issues which are vital in everyday clinical practice were presented., Conclusions: A systematic review of the available guidelines and an analysis of OAB (including urgency urinary incontinence) management were conducted. The Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians issued the guidelines for the therapeutic management of OAB patients. The need for an individualized approach was emphasized.