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This study presents a comparison of data acquired from three LiDAR sensors from different manufacturers, i.e., Yellow Scan Mapper (YSM), AlphaAir 450 Airborne LiDAR System CHC Navigation (CHC) and DJI Zenmuse L1 (L1). The same area was surveyed with laser sensors mounted on the DIJ Matrice 300 RTK UAV platform. In order to compare the data, a diverse test area located in the north-western part of the Lublin Province in eastern Poland was selected. The test area was a gully system with high vegetation cover. In order to compare the UAV information, LiDAR reference data were used, which were collected within the ISOK project (acquired for the whole area of Poland). In order to examine the differentiation of the acquired data, both classified point clouds and DTM products calculated on the basis of point clouds acquired from individual sensors were compared. The analyses showed that the largest average height differences between terrain models calculated from point clouds were recorded between the CHC sensor and the base data, exceeding 2.5 m. The smallest differences were recorded between the L1 sensor and ISOK data—RMSE was 0.31 m. The use of UAVs to acquire very high resolution data can only be used locally and must be subject to very stringent landing site preparation procedures, as well as data processing in DTM and its derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to present new technologies that are useful for obtaining spatial information on real estate and integrating the data with existing databases maintained by public administration agencies. The technologies presented include the use of GIS tools combined with vector data representing cadastral parcels, and raster data acquired by LiDAR technology. The study also employs descriptive data containing transactional information. The application of these new tools for obtaining spatial information provides real estate market operators with additional data that allows for more reliable market analysis. The methodology of this work has been divided into two parts, the first part related to the creation of a real estate database as a reference for the acquisition of spatial data. The second part was dedicated to the acquisition, processing and analysis of spatial conditions in the study area. The study used the data on transactions to determine the parcels for which data on elevation situation were acquired. LiDAR data was then applied to the determined parcels to generate the DTM. The obtained terrain elevation model was processed by raster tools, which created maps of slope and maps of aspect. Currently the data on the features of properties found in real estate price registers maintained by public administration agencies are becoming more accessible in result of the ongoing digitisation of administrative offices in Poland. However, these data do not contain information on slope and aspect -- two real estate features that are crucial for surveying areas with varied relief. The presented analysis draws attention to new ways of acquiring spatial data and integrating it with existing databases. Finding ways to integrate data obtained from public administration agencies with modern geographic information systems (GIS) would improve the work not only of valuers, but also of many other real estate professionals (e.g. brokers, developers, bank analysts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geodiversity of loess areas is reflected in the characteristic dataset of loess landforms, with the dominance of several types of valley forms (mainly gullies). The availability of satellite elevation data and high-resolution aerial topography scanning data provides an opportunity for quantitative assessment of geomorphodiversity. This is done through the analysis of topographic texture, delimitation and statistical characterization of the topographic parameters of erosional landforms, such as volume and degree of dissection (density of valleys) or the degree of 'coverage' of the area by valley forms. An important factor affecting the accuracy of the estimation is the accuracy of the underlying digital terrain model (DTM). This study compares three digital terrain models, with cell sizes of 30, 10 and 1 m, generated from satellite altimetry data and airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The subregion of Szczebrzeszyn Roztocze (Western Roztocze Region, SE Poland), i.e., one of the most typical loess relief regions in Poland, was selected as the study area. Selected topographic texture analyses were carried out using the SLRM (Simple Local Relief Model) algorithm. Delimitation of valleys was performed by delineating the extent of slope change in two key steps: (1) detection of areas below the average topographic surface; (2) delimitation using supervised classification of DTMs. The results of the study show that the accuracy of delimitation of valleys increases inversely proportional to the DTMs resolution. Automated topographic texture analysis allows delimitation and extraction, as well as statistical analysis of parameters of valleys. Finally, two indicators have been proposed, Relative Valley Area (RVA) and Area-normalised Valley Cubature (AVC), which can be used in geomorphodiversity studies of a geologically homogeneous area. The dimensionless RVA index can also be expressed as a percentage (%) of the area of valley forms in a basic field of 1 km2. Furthermore, the AVC index shows the dynamic character of the main relief features of the analysed area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual three-dimensional visualisations are a relatively new chapter in the history of terrain modelling in Poland. The visualisations prepared in Poland are considerably varied due to the adopted method of data processing and presentation. One of the main factors determining the course of works and their final result is the choice of the optimum data source for the task performed. The increasingly popular photogrammetric methods, including laser scanning, make it possible to create fully functional and visually attractive models. However, with their application, a complete visualisation of an extensive area (e.g. a mid-sized city) would entail significant expense and require a huge workload due to the unavailability of ready input data. This publication describes an alternative, economical and fast method for preparing simplified three-dimensional visualisations of a territory with an almost unlimited surface area, developed for a selected part of Poland. Based on their visualisations, the authors propose using data from local databases linked to nationwide digital geodetic resources for the needs of a 3D real property register. This work contains a detailed description of methods used in creating visualisations and an evaluation of the quality of the project deliverable including a list of observations regarding different categories of the presented objects. In addition, the summary of this article suggests potential solutions to improve the process of visualisation by using different types of data modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Kamienna River (length 156 km) is a left-bank tributary of the Vistula River. Its catchment area of 2007,9 km2 was one of the most important Old Polish Industrial District (OPID) area, where mining and metallurgy based on limonites, forest resources and water energy developed since the Middle Ages. The most common remnants of the metallurgical activity are charcoal hearth remains (CHRs). These forms were created during the charcoal burning. Charcoal was used as fuel in forge fires and blast furnaces. CHRs were identified on the basis of LIDAR data, in tens or even hundreds of thousands of forms in relatively small areas, e.g. in the Silesia Lowland (Southern Poland). However, no such studies have been carried out in OPID in the Kamienna River basin so far, so the determination of quantity, dimensions and distribution of CHRs was the main aim of this study. CHRs were identified using ArcGIS software, based on publicly available shaded relief models. More than 27,000 CHRs were identified during the prospectus. The next step will be field studies on the CHRs, including sampling for further laboratory analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the biggest areas in Europe with relief transformed as a result of area bombardment carried out in the 1940s is located near Kędzierzyn-Koźle. Most craters can be observed on orthophotomaps and shaded relief rasters. In land subject to intense economic activity, the bomb craters were backfilled as early as in the 1940s and 50s, however, they have been preserved in forest and swampy areas. Owing to the analysis of digital elevation models and shaded relief rasters, it was found that a 5.9-hectare detailed research site included 282 bomb craters of various types, giving an average of 48 craters per ha. However, there are crater concentrations containing almost 75 items/ha. The article presents the morphometric parameters of craters and the reconstruction of their emergence and transformation processes, which are stored in landform morphology. The usefulness and accuracy of digital elevation models and shaded relief rasters was tested for different resolutions in the analyses of craters occurring in a variety of environmental conditions. It was also suggested that this area should be protected as a terrain for interdisciplinary research into the effects of intensive WWII activities. It is significant owing to its historical value, as well as the contemporary spatial economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the chronology of activities that led to the emergence of the discipline 'socio-economic geography and spatial management' in the new classification of science in Poland which has been in force since 2018. The path of emergence of the discussed discipline is analysed from the standpoint of one of the participants of this process. The article also presents positive and negative consequences of implementing this classification in the context of two different structural models of geography as a science. Among positive consequences one can mention (1) preservation of the name 'geography' on the list of scientific disciplines, and (2) a favourable formal and legal 'empowerment' of socio-economic geography in the system of the organisation and evaluation of science in Poland. Among the greatest threats one can see (1) a reduction in the importance of socio-economic geography in favour of spatial management, and (2) the organisational disintegration of some geographical communities, institutions and research units. However, there are also attempts at the reintegration of geography around two of its basic segments, i.e. physical geography and human geography. In the author's opinion, future activities should focus on the means to strengthen realistically (and not only declaratively) the position of the new discipline and its constituent subdisciplines against other scientific disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the chronology of activities that led to the emergence of the discipline 'socio-economic geography and spatial management' in the new classification of science in Poland which has been in force since 2018. The path of emergence of the discussed discipline is analysed from the standpoint of one of the participants of this process. The article also presents positive and negative consequences of implementing this classification in the context of two different structural models of geography as a science. Among positive consequences one can mention (1) preservation of the name 'geography' on the list of scientific disciplines, and (2) a favourable formal and legal 'empowerment' of socio-economic geography in the system of the organisation and evaluation of science in Poland. Among the greatest threats one can see (1) a reduction in the importance of socio-economic geography in favour of spatial management, and (2) the organisational disintegration of some geographical communities, institutions and research units. However, there are also attempts at the reintegration of geography around two of its basic segments, i.e. physical geography and human geography. In the author's opinion, future activities should focus on the means to strengthen realistically (and not only declaratively) the position of the new discipline and its constituent subdisciplines against other scientific disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article recreates the spatial distribution of German field fortifications in the mountains of Central Europe. The fortifications in question were located in the southern part of the Polish Carpathians. This particular section is a fragment of the Oberkommando des Heeres Stellung b1 (OKH Stellung b1), built in 1944, and running from north to south through all of German‐occupied Poland. Determining the course of the studied fortifications is based on the use of two remote sensing materials for data acquisition: archival military aerial photographs taken in 1944 and high‐resolution terrain derivative models based on data from airborne laser scanning (ALS). Some sections were additionally checked during the field study. Creating a reconstruction is impossible without the use of both remote sensing data sources. Only 24% of the studied fortifications are visible in both the aerial photographs and the ALS model. Aerial photographs are better suited to the photointerpretation of trenches in arable land and near buildings. Objects in these places may have been buried or otherwise ceased to be visible as relief microforms. The ALS model is especially useful in wooded areas. Laser scanning with a large number of measurements enabled the implementation of a detailed model which also included the course of trenches under the tree canopy. Combining both source materials gave a spatial image of approximately a 30 km section of the fortified line. The total length of the fortifications was 85.412 km. The reconstructed line consists of two parallel trench lines with excavations for machine gun nests and shelters, as well as isolated points of defence located in the mountains near the current border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents selected results from efforts to date organic matter taken from deposits of three landslides in Poland's Gorce Mts. i.e. the ones located below the Jaworzyna Kamienicka, Kudłoń and Góra Gębowa peaks. The material for dating was taken from two landslide peat bogs and one closed depression filled with mineral deposits. The ranges of the individual landslides were analysed by reference to a detailed terrain model as well as geophysical tests, while the organic samples collected were 14C radiocarbon-dated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was the reconstruction of the environmental changes (identifiable at this stage of research) resulting from large-scale charcoal production for the needs of historical water-powered metallurgy in selected sites in the Mała Panew basin. The identification of the remains of charcoal hearths was carried out by analysing shaded relief models. Shaded relief models were created from data from Airborne Laser Scanning (LIDAR). In order to verify the charcoal hearth remains identified in digital images, ground proofing was carried out. The charcoal hearth remains were subjected to sampling. Fragments of charcoal were extracted from the samples, which were then sent for analysis to identify tree species. In order to determine the age of chosen charcoal hearth remains, 10 charcoal pieces were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The following taxa were identified: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), alder (Alnus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), Norway spruce / larch (Picea abies / Larix sp.), Silver fir (cf. Abies alba) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The taxa identified are dominated by Scots pine (56%). This research demonstrates that valuable wood of deciduous species might have been overexploited at the initial stage of metallurgical production and very quickly exhausted, being replaced by fast-growing coniferous species. The excessive exploitation of the forests might have had negative environmental effects such as the transformation/modification of the species composition of the forest cover, significant deforestation of exploited areas, intensification of floods or the initiation of aeolian transport of sands. All the charcoal hearth remains investigated date to the period from 1677 to 1957 AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern technology gives us the possibility to make a Digital Terrain Model, which is more and more frequently used in various scientific fields. Localizing the floodland on the basis of Digital Terrain Model provides an insight into the reality and is relatively quick. On the basis of the materials from photogrammetric flight the Digital Terrain Model was prepared, which was measured at the digital station "Delta". The model has been supplemented by elements of land cover, that is meadows and pastures, built-up areas, roads, escarpments, forests and waters. By using the software Surfer a spatial (3-D) model of a studied area has been created. The floodland of the Prądnik river, when the water level is higher by 2 and 5 meters, have also been visualised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of the ITU-R P.1546-4 and ITM propagation models for SEAMCAT prepared and developed in the National Institute of Telecommunications Poland is presented. Results of our research encompasses methodology, implementation and verification of plug-ins into the SEAMCAT software are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the paper was to present an approach to building damage risk assessment on mining induced areas. The presented method was developed in Poland and then adopted in the other European countries. The method shown is based on a comparison between buildings strength and terrain deformation. Prediction principles of the mining terrain deformation and terrain categorization were described in the paper. Moreover a point method for a building strength to mining impact evaluation was discussed. It should be emphasized that the presented method is optimal for densely build-up areas. The authors proposed supporting actually applied method by GIS analyses. As a case study a densely build-up area influenced by an underground mining exploitation of one of the biggest Polish coal mines has been chosen. The application of the presented method supported by GIS on chosen area enables more automated assessment of building damage caused by mining activity. The procedure outlined in this paper may also be satisfactorily applied in the other counties which cope with the problem of building damage risk assessment optimization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Runoff erosion is an important theme in hydrological investigations. Models assessing soil erosion are based on various algorithms that determine the relief coefficient using rasterized digital elevation models (DEMs). For evaluation of soil loss, the most-used model worldwide is the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation), where the most essential part is the LS parameter, which is, in turn, generated from two parameters: L (slope length coefficient) and S (slope inclination). The most significant limitation of LS is the difficulty in obtaining the data needed to generate detailed DEMs. We investigated three popular data generation methods: aerial photographs (AP), aerial laser scanning (ALS), and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) by assessing the quality and effect of DEMs generated from each method over an area of 40 m × 200 m in Silesia, Poland. Additionally, the relationship between particular L S U S L E   parameter components was carried out based on its final distribution. Our results show that resolution strongly influences DEMs and the L S U S L E   parameters. We found a strong relationship between the degree of height data resolution and the accuracy level of the calculated parameters. Based on our investigations we confirmed the highest influence on the L S U S L E   came from the S parameter. Additionally, we concluded that in examinations over large areas, terrestrial laser scanners are not ideal; the benefits of their additional accuracy are outweighed by the additional time and labor consumption; in addition, terrestrial-based scans are sometimes not possible due to ground obstacles the limited scope of most lasers. Aerial photographs or point clouds generated by aerial laser scanners are sufficient for most purposes connected with surface flow, and further developments can be based on the use of these techniques for obtaining ground information for modeling erosion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze topography changes related to the construction and operation of the Bełchatów Brown Coal Open Mine and Power Plant, one of Europe's larger open-pit mines, situated in central Poland. In order to achieve this, a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is prepared, based on archival materials from the pre-investment period. Source materials include German topographical maps, issued in 1944 by the Supreme High Command of the German Army (Oberkommando des Heeres/Generalstab). The second model of the same area is prepared based on DEM data included in the Topographical Database available by CODGiK (Main Centre of Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation). The preparation of two terrain models from different periods make it possible to evaluate the changes in the morphometry. Both models are compared using ArcGIS (ESRI) tools. The comparative analysis of the models allows for observing topography changes resulting from anthropogenic transformations related to the construction of the Brown Coal Open Mine Bełchatów and Power Plant complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with compact digital cameras, have become a cheap and efficient alternative to classic aerial photogrammetry and close-range photogrammetry. Low-altitude photogrammetry has great potential not only in the development of orthophoto maps but is also increasingly used in surveying and rapid mapping. This paper presents a practical aspect of the application of the custom homemade low-cost UAV, equipped with an action camera, to obtain images from low altitudes and develop a digital elevation model of the excavation. The conducted analyses examine the possibilities of using low-cost UAVs to deliver useful photogrammetric products. The experiments were carried out on a closed excavation in the town of Mince (north-eastern Poland). The flight over the examined area was carried out autonomously. A photogrammetric network was designed, and the reference areas in the mine were measured using the Global Navigation Satellite System-Real Time Kinematic (GNSS-RTK) method to perform accuracy analyses of the excavation 3D model. Representation of the created numerical terrain model was a dense point cloud. The average height difference between the generated dense point cloud and the reference model was within the range of 0.01–0.13 m. The difference between the volume of the excavation measured by the GNSS kinematic method and the volume measured on the basis of a dense point cloud was less than 1%. The obtained results show that the application of the low-cost UAV equipped with an action camera with a wide-angle lens, allows for obtaining high-accuracy images comparable to classic, compact digital cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]