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Introduction Medication safety incidents occur in all health care sectors and cause considerable morbidity and mortality, with 8.5% of all related incidents reported estimated to occur in primary care. A common incident classification system could facilitate collective learning from the analysis of medication-related errors and improve patient safety Objective The objective of this study was to assess the validity of a new classification system of medication safety incidents in primary care in Poland. Methods Analysis of data from a descriptive, cross-sectional, self-reported survey on the Learning from International Networks about Errors and Understanding Safety in Primary Care ( LINNEAUS Euro- PC) medication safety incident classification for primary care with assessment of 10 case-based clinical scenarios done by doctors and pharmacists form community-based family medicine clinics and pharmacies in Lodz. Main outcome measures The percentages of overall agreement on judgements and a fixed-marginal multirater kappa (κ) coefficient as statistical measures of interrater agreement for categorical items. Results The overall agreement levels were: category 1 - 86.3%; category 2 - 85.6%; category 3 - 72.1%; category 4 - 71.8%; and category 5 - 70.4%. The interrater agreement between the 15 evaluators varied as follows: category 1 fixed-marginal κ = 0.144; category 5 fixed-marginal κ = 0.565; category 3 fixed-marginal κ = 0.607; category 4 fixed-marginal κ = 0.634; and category 2 fixed-marginal κ = 0.807. Conclusions This is the first known study on levels of agreement on the perception of medication safety incidents and assessment of the validity of a related classification system in primary health care in Poland. Interrater agreement in this study was surprisingly high, but still leaves room for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sex and age of individuals, season, and human pressure (both human presence and habitat structure) on spatiotemporal behavior of wild boar (Sus scrofa). Specifically, we compared wild boar behavior under contrasting conditions of human pressure, within the primeval temperate forest of Białowieża (eastern Poland) and the metropolitan area of Cracow (Poland). It was predicted that, compared with the forest, wild boar within the urban area will have smaller home ranges due to restricted space, will show longer daily movements due to patchy resources, and will exhibit increased nocturnal activity and ranging behavior in an attempt to avoid human interference. We used radiotracking data from 35 wild boar. Animals inhabiting the urban area had smaller home ranges, yet covered almost twice as much distance on a daily basis than individuals inhabiting primeval forest. Daily duration of activity was similar in the 2 study areas. However, distribution of activity throughout the day differed considerably. In the urban area wild boar were almost exclusively nocturnal, whereas in the primeval forest wild boar activity was evenly distributed throughout the day. Additionally, in the urban area, activity was strongly associated with traveling speed, whereas in the primeval forest active wild boar moved about to little extent. Seasonal effects were stronger in the primeval forest and affected daily distance traveled, duration of activity, and level of diurnality. This study showed that wild boar can adjust their spatiotemporal behavior to local conditions and this may be one factor explaining recent rapid demographic expansion in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]