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Simple Summary: Goat's milk has beneficial effects on health condition maintenance, physiological function, and nutrition of both children and elderly people, and according to some authors, can be consumed without inducing adverse symptoms by people suffering from cow milk allergy. The content of bioactive ingredients (fatty acids, vitamins, micro, and macroelements) in goat's milk and its products varies greatly and depends on many factors, for example, breed, animal husbandry conditions, lactation phase, and feeding. The nutritional importance of goat's milk increases in response to the growing interest of consumers. In Poland, the commercial offer of goat's milk products increases constantly. Local breeders and sellers appear on the market, offering their products, often of organic origin. Despite the growing popularity of goat products, the knowledge of their composition, including their health-promoting ingredients, is still incomplete. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the contents of selected compounds, such as fatty acids, with particular emphasis on the content of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) acid, minerals, and folates, in organic and commercial goat's milk and fermented goat's milk drinks available on the Polish market. The present study aimed to determine the content of health-promoting compounds, and fatty acids, with particular emphasis on the content of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) acid, selected minerals, folates in organic and commercial goat's milk and fermented goat's milk drinks. The analyzed milk and yoghurts had various contents of particular groups of fatty acids, CLA, minerals, and folates. Raw organic goat's milk had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher content of CLA (3.26 mg/g fat) compared to commercial milk (2.88 mg/g fat and 2.54 mg/g fat). Among the analyzed fermented goat's milk drinks, the highest CLA content (4.39 mg/g fat) was determined in commercial natural yoghurts, while the lowest one was in organic natural yoghurts (3.28 mg/g fat). The highest levels of calcium (1322.9–2324.4 µg/g), phosphorus (8148.1–11,309.9 µg/g), and copper (0.072–0.104 µg/g) were found in all commercial products and those of manganese (0.067–0.209 µg/g) in organic products. The contents of the other assayed elements (magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and zinc) did not depend on the production method, but only on the product type, i.e., the degree of goat's milk processing. The highest folate content in the analyzed milks was found in the organic sample (3.16 µg/100 g). Organic Greek yoghurts had a several times higher content of folates, reaching 9.18 µg/100 g, compared to the other analyzed fermented products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the compliance between current guidelines on the diagnosis and management of children with cow's milk allergy (CMA) and clinical practice by a survey of Polish physicians. An online cross-sectional survey involving a convenience series of participants was performed from January 15 to March 20, 2020. Data provided by 605 physicians (74.2% of them pediatricians working in general practice) were analyzed. Contrary to the current recommendations, only a minority of respondents (27.4%) reported performing oral food challenge (OFC) to confirm the diagnosis of CMA. Among those who reported performing OFC (n = 160 respondents), the majority performed an open challenge (82.5%). Most respondents (79.2%) correctly recommended as the first-line treatment extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for a child with mild-to-moderate CMA. Less than half of participants (43.8%) recommended amino acid-based formula for a child with severe CMA (anaphylaxis). Only half of respondents (50.8%) reassessed tolerance to cow's milk proteins. For assessing tolerance acquisition, more respondents recommended challenge to baked milk compared with fresh cow's milk (60.5% vs. 39.5%, respectively). This survey study found that only a minority of responding physicians follow current guidelines for diagnosis and management of children with CMA in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper presents a peculiar first case of an allergy to Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and Eragrostis tef (teff). Both teff and milk thistle have been presented in the literature (both domestic and foreign) in a positive light, the former as a new part of gluten-free diet, and the latter as a treatment for a number of conditions, particularly those of the liver. Case presentation: A 29-year-old male presented at our clinic due to an episode of itching and burning in his mouth, swollen tongue, and difficulty swallowing following ingestion of teff flakes. He also reported sneezing, runny nose, watering and burning eyes, and wheezing following inhalation exposure to ground milk thistle. The patient's occupation is associated with exposure to these allergens. The patient underwent comprehensive allergy diagnostic assessments (including skin-prick testing, serum specific IgE levels, Faber test, spirometry, and acoustic rhinometry) and gastroenterological assessments. The diagnosis was established on skin tests with native allergens (milk thistle 16/35, teff flour 22/60, negative control 0/0, histamine 3/5) provided by the patient. There are no commercially available (standardized) tests for milk thistle or teff either in Poland or anywhere else in the world. Conclusions: Milk thistle is available in the form of dry, finely-ground preparations (which are used as additives to bread, soups, and yoghurts) and extracts (which are used as ingredients in over-the-counter herbal remedies). Teff is a gluten-free cereal whose grains are rich in methionine, calcium, iron, folic acid, and antioxidants. This case report presents milk thistle and teff as potentially new allergens. A literature review revealed no similar allergy cases in Poland or elsewhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS?), which considers crying, regurgitation, stools, skin and respiratory symptoms, was developed as an awareness tool for evaluating cow's milk-related symptoms. The scoring ranges from 0 to 33. A score =12 was proposed as being likely cow's milk-related and suggestive of allergy to cow's milk. This study aimed to determine the age-related CoMiSS? values in presumed healthy infants in Poland. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in well-child clinics in two locations. Parents of the presumed healthy infants aged =6 months were approached during a routine checkup/vaccination visit. The exclusion criteria were as follows: presence of acute or chronic diseases, preterm delivery, treatment with therapeutic formula, and use of any food supplements (except vitamins) or medications. Results: Data from 226 infants were obtained (median age [Q1-Q3], 4 months [3-4]). The overall median (Q1-Q3) and mean (standard deviation) CoMiSS? values were 4 (2-7) and 4.7 (3.5), respectively. The 95th percentile was 11. Scores on some, albeit not all, components of the CoMiSS? significantly differed between age groups (crying, stools) or feeding type groups (stools and skin symptoms). Eleven children (4.9%) scored =12. Conclusion: This study adds to earlier age-related CoMiSS? data by providing CoMiSS? values in presumed healthy infants in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into consideration the allergic consumers safety, the European Union imposed the duty of labelling allergenic substances used in the wine production on the wine producers. Although the rule entered into force in the course of the last three years, not properly labelled alcoholic beverages are still available on the Polish market. 25% of the beverage samples tested without the casein declaration on the label did not contain any traces of this protein. The rest of them were found to contain casein while three contained such an amount of casein which could be considered risky for hypersensitive individuals. The results were obtained with a commercial ELISA kit. The samples were also tested using slot-blot technique, which was recognised less sensitive than ELISA and therefore also less reliable. Due to the fact that the tested beverages were not properly labelled, hypersensitive people still should not buy them unless they contain clear information: "the product does not contain casein". Simultaneously, manufacturers are required to withdraw them from the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Consumption of unpasteurized cow's milk has been identified as a possible protective factor for atopy and asthma. Most studies have been conducted among children and in farming populations. We investigated the effects of consumption of unpasteurized milk in early life on atopy, asthma, and rhinitis in village and town inhabitants in a region of Poland and assessed whether any protective effects of milk consumption differed according to place of residence and farming status. Methods We surveyed the inhabitants (aged >5 years) of a small town and seven nearby villages in southwest Poland ( n = 1700, response rate 88%). Participants (or their parents for those <16 years of age) completed a questionnaire on farm exposures and symptoms of asthma and rhinitis. In particular, information was collected on unpasteurized milk consumption in early life. Atopy was assessed using skin prick tests. Results Consumption of unpasteurized milk in the first year of life was inversely associated with atopy and asthma both among town and village inhabitants - town: adjusted odds ratio ( aOR) for atopy 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.52] asthma 0.51 (0.32-0.74); villages: atopy 0.59 (0.44-0.70) and asthma 0.59 (0.42-0.74). For atopy, the protective effect was more clearly seen among nonfarmers (0.42; 0.34-0.46) than in farmers (0.82; 0.54-1.11). For doctor-diagnosed hay fever and current rhinitis symptoms, the protective effect was only observed among town inhabitants and/or nonfarmers. Conclusions Early-life exposure to unpasteurized milk may protect against atopy, asthma, and related conditions, independently of place of residence and farming status, and in both children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of chronic milk-dependent food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) in children from the region of Western Pomerania were studied. Prospectively, 55 children were diagnosed at a median of 2.2 months. The open food challenges (OFC), morphologies, milk-specific IgE (sIgE) (FEIA method, CAP system), and skin prick tests (SPTs) were examined. Vomiting and diarrhea escalated gradually but quickly led to growth retardation. Of the infants, 49% had BMI < 10 c, 20% BMI < 3 c; 25% had anemia, and 15% had hypoalbuminemia. During the OFCs we observed acute symptoms that appeared after 2-3 h: vomiting diarrhea and pallor. A total of 42% children required intravenous hydration. Casein hydrolysates or amino acids formulae (20%) were used in treatment. In 25% of children, SPT and milk sIgE were found, in 18%-other food SPTs, and in 14% allergy to other foods. A transition to IgE-dependent milk allergy was seen in 3 children. In the twelfth month of life, 62% of children had tolerance to milk, and in the twenty-fifth month-87%. Conclusions. Chronic milk-dependent FPIES resolves in most children. By the age of 2 children are at risk of multiple food sensitization, and those who have milk sIgE are at risk to transition to IgE-mediated milk allergy. Every OFC needs to be supervised due to possible severe reactions.