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Usually seen as an invention of the Germans at the end of the 18th century, the Bildungsroman (novel of self-formation) became one of the most influential forms in the history of the novel. In the 20th century, the discussion about the concept of this literary (sub)genre was stimulated by an increasing number of its manifestations in several literatures. This paper deals with the condition of the Bildunsgroman in the Portuguese literature of the last century. A via sinuosa (1918), a novel by Aquilino Ribeiro, Nome de guerra (1938), by Almada Negreiros, Jogo da cabra cega (1937), by José Régio, A origem (1958), by Graça Pina de Morais, or A noite e o riso (1969), by Nuno Bragança are some of the titles that grant the Bildungsroman a special place in the 20th century Portuguese novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessment of the thermal discomfort in Portuguese public schools in free-running conditions. • Reduced cost refurbishment of a prototype classroom in a Brandão school in Porto, Portugal. • Experimental characterization of the prototype before and after refurbishment, winter and mid-season analysis. • Quantification of energy consumption vs discomfort in winter for different intermittent heating strategies, after refurbishment. Public school buildings represent an important share of public buildings in Europe, some of them built several decades ago. In Portugal, there are about 5800 public schools, many of them in free-running conditions, with significant thermal discomfort and without any heating strategy due to economic restrictions. This work studies the Portuguese Brandão school model (from the '70 s), which comprises about 100 non-refurbished basic schools. This paper suggests the passive refurbishment of these public schools with some affordable interventions, regarding the climate features and the reduced capacity to support the operating costs. A prototype classroom was prepared in a Brandão school, in Porto. The in situ experimental campaign consisted of temperature, relative humidity, CO 2 concentration and energy consumption measurements. The prototype construction included the improvement of the envelope and of the technical systems. The main goals of this work are: (1) the comparison of the prototype in-service thermal performance in pre-existing conditions and the improvement after the refurbishment in free-running conditions or with some intermittent heating strategies; (2) the establishment of discomfort indexes for the assessment of the discomfort for Mediterranean temperate climate; (3) the quantification of the energy consumption vs discomfort regarding the passive refurbishment strategy and the intermittent heating strategies. When comparing the before and after refurbishment results, the mean daily discomfort indicator has decreased from 34.7 °C.hour to 25.2 °C.hour in free-running conditions and after the refurbishment has decreased from 25.2 °C.hour to 11.9 °C.hour for 3 heating hours strategy and to 2.5 °C.hour for 10 heating hours strategy. There was an expected increase of CO 2 inside the classroom for the corresponding months before and after refurbishment, although the mean CO 2 was below the required 1500 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]