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1. Spanish-Language Version of the Science Identity Survey (SISE): Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Evaluation

Author

Hernandez-Matias, Liz, Llerandi-Román, Pablo A., Pérez-Donato, Lizmar, Calzada-Jorge, Natalia, Mendoza, Stephanie, Laureano-Torre, Faviola, Washington, A. Valance, and Borrero, Michelle

Abstract

Multiple worldwide efforts, including research experiences and internships for students, have been developed to increase diversity in STEM. In order to understand the outcomes of these research experiences, instruments have become available, but surprisingly, Spanish instruments for these purposes are scarce. The evaluation of diverse scientific experiences and their influence on science identity is imperative. For this reason, we aimed to translate, and evaluate a Science Identity Survey for Puerto Rican high school students. A committee of experts evaluated the original survey of Science Identity and it was translated to Spanish using back-translation. Think-aloud results revealed that students' perception of their: (1) science competence is based on their grades, understanding, knowledge, and learning; (2) performance is based on design and completion of a scientific task; (3) recognition is based on the value that others give to science. The survey was analyzed to determine its dimensionality and reliability. A Cronbach's alpha of .857 was obtained, which suggests that the items have a good internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis was performed and three factors; competence, performance and recognition were retained. This version of the survey was deemed to be an appropriate instrument to address student science identity.

Published
2019

2. A Study to Identify Perspectives of Bilingual School Teachers Regarding Reading Comprehension Strategies and How These Increase Reading Comprehension Proficiency

Author

Hernandez Zumaeta, Debra-Angie

Abstract

The qualitative descriptive phenomenological study aims to identify, describe, and analyze educational processes and best practices from the bilingual teachers' perspectives; that help improves the teaching of reading in the elementary level of English Language Learners classrooms in Puerto Rico. This research assessed the contribution of participating teachers as an essential element in describing the current educational scenario and the most effective reading comprehension strategies practices used to teach reading in the ELL classrooms. It is, revealed the characteristics necessary to become a good reader and the factors that influence an improvement of reading comprehension. In addition, encompassed research on the following teaching strategies and theories that increase reading comprehension: activating prior knowledge, predicting, questioning, visualization, monitoring, drawing inferences, summarizing, retelling, Read Aloud, Cooperative Learning, Graphic and Semantic Organizers, Integration of Technology, Metacognition, Summarizing, Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ4R), and Balanced Literacy Approach. The researcher developed five research questions focused on teacher preparedness, classroom environment, implementation of reading comprehension strategies and, time on task. The criterion sample included six individual one-on-one interviews, and two focal groups. The data collection was conducted through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and the researcher's log. Researchers' conclusions indicate that without proper comprehension skills, students cannot understand what they read. The point of reading is not to make sounds in the brain or out loud, but rather, to understand important lessons, stories, and arguments. The primary goal of reading comprehension instruction is to help students develop knowledge, skills, and experiences they must acquire if they are to become competent and enthusiastic readers in all learning endeavors. The researcher can conclude based on the information gathered; those educators working in bilingual schools are educationally prepared to teach students in the PRDE. Only a few have been certified in bilingual education by the PRDE, which is required to teach in bilingual schools. It can also be concluded that there is no correlation between the years of teaching experience and the effectiveness in the implementation of different reading comprehension teaching strategies. Moreover, classroom environment and teaching-learning are vital factors that can either support or obstruct the proficiency levels of Reading Comprehension of ELLs in bilingual schools. Additionally, this study shows that although teachers received professional development; none of them had received workshops design specifically to the process of teaching reading comprehension. The researcher recommends that in-service teaching professional development should include Gender-based learning theories, the Graduated Student Profile of PRDE, Reading Comprehension Teaching Strategies, and the incorporation of parents in their children's comprehension learning process. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2022

3. Primary Elementary Grade Teachers' Perceptions of Risk Factors and Reading Skills Development: A Qualitative Descriptive Case Study

Author

Ivelisse Hernandez

Abstract

The referral process of early elementary grade level students can be long and complex. National statistics show that most of the referrals are done during or after fourth grade. This study worked around the decreasing number of students referred to the Special Education Program during the early grade level stages. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore teachers' perceptions about factors of risk for reading difficulties in the early grade levels. In this study the participants were teachers that deal every day with students under factors of risk and the development of reading skills. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Ten teachers from Texas, Georgia, and Puerto Rico participated. Their answers were recorded, using the Zoom platform, and professionally transcribed. The answers were coded to identify the main emergent themes: differentiation, reading levels, reading placement, academic failure, less resources, and small group setting. All the participants responded they use that information to differentiate their instruction. The participants answered that factors should be used as indicators of reading difficulties in the early grade levels. Recommendations for practice included using f interventional strategies to work with students under factors of risk, using the enrollment information to create contingency plans and provide those students with learning experiences based on their needs, and creating professional development to instruct teachers, intervention staff, reading recovery teachers, and any other staff related with the Student Support Team (SST) process on how to use factors of risk as indicators of possible reading difficulties. Recommendations for future research included the integration of other factors of risk, include teachers from older grade levels, and include other school staff, such as reading specialists, administrators, or SST team members. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2022

4. An Investigative, Cooperative Learning Approach for General Chemistry Laboratories

Author

Díaz-Vázquez, Liz M., Montes, Barbara Casañas, Echevarría Vargas, Ileabett M., Hernandez-Cancel, Griselle, Gonzalez, Fernando, Molina, Anna M., Morales-Cruz, Moraima, Torres-Díaz, Carlos M., and Griebenow, Kai

Abstract

The integration of research and education is an essential component of our university's teaching philosophy. Recently, we made a curricular revision to facilitate such an approach in the General Chemistry Laboratory, to teach students that investigative approaches are at the core of sciences. The curriculum revision included new interdisciplinary experiments and a research project. Investigative, peer review, and cooperative learning strategies were introduced to enhance student learning and engagement. An environment in which students can analyze results within a laboratory session and reach comprehensive and quantitative conclusions was encouraged. To assess our results, students completed questionnaires, evaluated their peers and themselves. Instructors evaluated students through written reports, oral presentations, pre- and post test, a practical exam and a final exam. Assessments of the learning outcomes were performed to determine the level of research skills development, the improvement in laboratory techniques, and depth in analysis of concepts. The experimental designs, implementation of results, and comparisons of student performances using traditional approaches are presented.

Published
2012

5. Natural Disaster and Risk of Psychiatric Disorders in Puerto Rican Children

Author

Felix, Erika, Hernandez, Lino A., Bravo, Milagros, Ramirez, Rafael, Cabiya, Jose, and Canino, Glorisa

Abstract

We examined the persistence of psychiatric disorders at approximately 18 and 30 months after a hurricane among a random sample of the child and adolescent population (4-17 years) of Puerto Rico. Data were obtained from caretaker-child dyads (N = 1,886) through in person interviews with primary caretakers (all children) and youth (11-17 years) using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV in Spanish. Logistic regressions, controlling for sociodemographic variables, were used to study the relation between disaster exposure and internalizing, externalizing, or any disorder. Children's disaster-related distress manifested as internalizing disorders, rather than as externalizing disorders at 18 months post-disaster. At 30 months, there was no longer a significant difference in rates of disorder between hurricane-exposed and non-exposed youth. Results were similar across age ranges. Rates of specific internalizing disorders between exposed and unexposed children are provided. Research and clinical implications are discussed. (Contains 5 tables.)

Published
2011
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6. Policies for Early Childhood Music Education in Puerto Rico

Author

Hernandez-Candelas, Marta

Abstract

In this article, the author, aware of the importance of music education from the earliest age, especially in the emotional, expressive, cultural, social, intellectual, and creative needs of all children, analyzes the status of music education for the young child in Puerto Rico. She examines whether and how local education policies impact the quality of education for children and their families. She also analyzes how Puerto Ricans grow around music, the current changes in the quality of their popular music, and the need for formal music education and quality musical training for music and general teachers. In conclusion, the author makes recommendations to improve the lives of Puerto Rican children through music.

Published
2007
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7. Family Functioning and Early Onset of Sexual Intercourse in Latino Adolescents

Author

Velez-Pastrana, Maria C., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Rafael A., and Borges-Hernandez, Adalisse

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with early onset of sexual intercourse. Within an ecological system's conceptual framework, familial factors associated with early onset of sexual activity were identified in a sample of 425 adolescents from San Juan metro area schools. Measures included questions about sexual activity, sexual permissiveness, and such familial variables as: discipline, parental supervision, and parental support. Significant relationships were observed between early onset of sexual intercourse and parental supervision, discipline, parental support, and parents' marital status. Results suggest the key role of parents and family in prevention of HIV-risk behaviors among adolescents in terms of delaying sexual onset. Overall, the study described youths who postponed sexual activity as having greater support, supervision, and parental involvement.

Published
2005

8. The Nuyorican's Dilemma: Categorization of Returning Migrants in Puerto Rico.

Author

Lorenzo-Hernandez, Jose

Abstract

Investigated self and social categorization of Puerto Rican returning migrants (Nuyoricans). Surveys indicated that migrant and non-migrant high school students evaluated Nuyorican adolescents as significantly different from adolescents raised in Puerto Rico. Student evaluations of adolescents differing in salience of Nuyorican attributes (presented via photos and audiotapes) indicated that language characteristics and physical appearance could categorize people as Nuyorican. (SM)

Published
1999

9. Study of the Development of the Puerto Rican Cultural Identity.

Author

Echevarria-Hernandez, Aurea

Abstract

This dissertation presents a phenomenological analysis of the concept of Puerto Rican cultural identity. The body of the thesis is in Spanish, but it includes an appended summary in English. In chapter one, the concept of identity, self-evaluation and culture are analyzed. Chapter two studies the ethno-historical perspective of the Puerto Rican culture focusing on the four hundred years of Hispanic colonization. In chapter three, the influence of the Anglo-American culture in Puerto Rico with particular emphasis on its pedagogical approach are studied. Also studied are the outcomes of fifty years of bilingual education. Chapter four studies the Puerto Rican literature as social diagnosis and rescuer of the Puerto Rican cultural identity blueprint. Chapter five concludes the dissertation and presents an evaluation of the concept of Puerto Rican cultural identity. (Author/AM)

Published
1976

10. La Desercion Escolar en los Niveles de Sexto y Noveno Grado: Una Comparacion Entre Zonas Rurales y Urbanas. Boletin 219 (The Educational Desertion in the 6th and 9th Grades: A Comparison Between Rural and Urban Zones. Bulletin 219).

Author

Puerto Rico Univ., Rio Piedras. Agricultural Experiment Station. and Lopez, Maria I. Hernandez

Abstract

In 1962 and again in 1965, a group of sixth and ninth grade students in selected schools in four Puerto Rican communities were interviewed to investigate the factors influencing students' decision to withdraw from school before completing twelfth grade and to identify some characteristics of dropouts. Of 616 students interviewed in 1962, 20.9% of the sixth graders and 16.3% of the ninth graders could not be located in 1965. About the same percentage of elementary boys as girls (17.3% versus 17.7%) dropped out of school, but at the ninth grade level 25.2% of the boys and only 18.6% of the girls left school. Rural students, especially in the Tobacco and Coffee Regions, tended to drop out more than urban students in the Industrial Region. Sixth and ninth grade girls with low media exposure, students with no plans to attend college, students older than the normal age level for their grade, and students with low academic averages tended to drop out more. No relationship existed between dropouts and father's occupation, satisfaction with school, or the student's most influential person. Recommendations included publicizing vocational schools, establishing kindergartens, counseling potential dropouts, increasing economic help for needy students, and differentiating curricula for advanced students. (Author/SB)

Published
1969

11. THE VULTURES CIRCLING PUERTO RICO.

Author

Arbasetti, Joel Cintrón, Minet, Carla, Hernandez, Alex V., and Stites, Jessica

Subjects
PUBLIC debts, DEBT relief, AUSTERITY, PUERTO Rican economic conditions, 1952-, PUERTO Rican politics & government, 1998-
Published
2017

12. Chapter 5: The Cities of Puerto Rico.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
CITIES & towns
Abstract

The chapter describes the cities of Puerto Rico. During the last half of the 20th century, Puerto Rico shifted from a predominantly rural society to an urban one. San Juan is Puerto Rico's largest and oldest city, as well as its capital. With about 450,000 residents, this lively city is the country's center of banking and business. One of Puerto Rico's oldest settlements, Ponce is today the island's third-largest city. It is home to about 193,000 people. Compared with the rest of the island, Ponce has a dry climate. This is because it is located in the rain shadow of nearby mountains. Mayagüez is Puerto Rico's sixth most populated city, with about 100,000 people. It is the main city on the western end of the island. With 142,000 residents, Caguas is Puerto Rico's fifth-largest city. It is also the largest city located away from the coasts, in the Turabo Valley of the island's mountainous interior.

Published
2003

13. Chapter 4: Los Boricuas: Puerto Rico's People and Culture.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
CULTURE, FOLK music
Abstract

The chapter describes the people and culture in Puerto Rico. Today's Puerto Rico is a product of several cultures that, over the course of centuries, have melded to create a unique and vibrant society and a people who pride themselves on their independence. As a U.S. commonwealth, Puerto Rico maintains close cultural ties to its large neighbor to the north, and evidence of those ties is everywhere on the island, like the fast-food restaurants, shopping malls and baseball stadiums. Still, although Puerto Rico has been part of the U.S. for 100 years and islanders are U.S. citizens, they typically consider themselves Puerto Ricans, boricuas first. The family is the core of Puerto Rican culture. But when Puerto Ricans speak of families, they mean more than just parents and their children. The ties that bind extended families, including grandparents and cousins and in-laws, are strong. About 85 percent of islanders are Roman Catholic. Cities and towns across the island celebrate the holidays of their patron saints every year. Puerto Rico's musical traditions are as varied as its cultural influences. The musical style of danza dates to the mid-1800s in Puerto Rico. Bomba and plena are two styles of folk music that are often spoken of together because they share African roots. Puerto Rico is deeply proud of the great cellist Pablo Casals, a Spaniard who had a Puerto Rican mother. Puerto Rico's greatest writers include Eugenio María de Hostos, José de Diego and Julia de Burgos.

Published
2003

14. Chapter 3: A Diverse Economy.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
PUERTO Rican economic conditions, INDUSTRIES, LABOR supply, AGRICULTURE
Abstract

The article describes the economy of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is remarkably diverse for such a small island. The close political ties Puerto Rico shares with the U.S. carry over into the economy. About 88 percent of the island's exports go to the mainland U.S. And about 60 percent of the goods Puerto Rico imports come from the U.S. Puerto was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s. After World War II the U.S. launched a major initiative to make Puerto Rico's agriculture-based economy more diverse. Operation Bootstrap, begun in 1948, encouraged U.S. companies to open factories that would create new, well-paying jobs for Puerto Ricans. In return, the companies received tax breaks and other financial incentives. Puerto Rico's gross domestic product stands at about $39 billion, among the largest in the region. And industry accounts for about 45 percent of that total. Two industries that dominate Puerto Rico's economy at the beginning of the 21st century are pharmaceuticals and electronics. The economy's service sector, particularly tourism, employs a much larger percentage of the workforce, which is an estimated 77 percent. Furthermore, despite Puerto Rico's diverse economy, islanders are not nearly as well-off financially as their fellow citizens on the U.S. mainland.

Published
2003

15. Chapter 2: From Colonization to Commonwealth.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
PUERTO Rican history, COLONIZATION, SPANISH colonies, SPANISH-American War, 1898
Abstract

The chapter describes the colonization of Puerto Rico and the events that led to its commonwealth status. Puerto Rico's first inhabitants may have arrived on the island as long as 4,000 years ago. These early inhabitants came to call themselves Tainos and were related to the Arawakans who settled other Caribbean islands. Explorer Christopher Columbus landed on Puerto Rico's shores on November 19, 1493. In 1508 Juan Ponce de León led a group of Spanish conquistadors to the island. The Tainos at first welcomed their Spanish visitors, but mistrust on both sides grew over time. The Spanish moved aggressively to seize control and easily overwhelmed the natives with their superior firepower. Puerto Rico became important militarily and commercially in the early years of Spanish colonization. Aside from the brief occupation of Great Britain, Spain ruled Puerto Rico uninterrupted for nearly 400 years. -In 1897 the Spanish granted Puerto Rico limited independence, allowing the island to elect its own government and send representatives to Spain. The next year, the U.S. battleship Maine exploded in a harbor in Havana, Cuba under mysterious circumstances. The U.S. government blamed Spain for the destruction of the Maine and declared war. The Spanish-American War ended a few months later with Spain's utter defeat. Spain had to give Cuba as well as Puerto Rico to the U.S. In 1952 Puerto Rico finally became what it remains today, a commonwealth of the U.S. Puerto Ricans held a critical vote on their political future in 1967. About 60 percent supported commonwealth status. Another vote was taken in 1993. This time commonwealth status won more narrowly over statehood, 48.4 percent versus 46.2 percent. Independence was favored by only 4.4 percent of the voters.

Published
2003

16. Chapter 1: Rugged Island in the Caribbean.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
TRAVEL, GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATOLOGY
Abstract

The chapter describes the geography, environment and climate in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is the fourth-largest island in the Caribbean. It is about 110 miles long and 35 miles wide. Although Puerto Rico is best known to the world for its sunny beaches, rough mountains make up most of the island's terrain. The main mountain range runs from east to west through the middle of the island and is called the Cordillera Central. The highest peak in this range is Cerro de Punta, at about 4,390 feet. In the northeast part of the island, unusual limestone rock formations make up the island's karst country. Underground rivers run through this unusual region, which is riddled with sinkholes and caverns. The tropical climate is warm and humid year-round, but the thermometer rarely rises beyond 90 Fahrenheit, about 32 Celsius during summer. The island's relatively mild climate stands in contrast to the ferocious storms that sometimes buffet the island during the hurricane season, which lasts from June through November. The Caribbean National Forest, known as El Yunque, has a diverse plant life and is nourished by more than 160 billion gallons of annual rainwater. El Yunque boasts magnificent waterfalls and canyons, and it is also home to many exotic species of wildflowers and plants and the imposing ceiba tree.

Published
2003

17. Ethnic and Sex Disparities in Colorectal Neoplasia Among Hispanic Patients Undergoing Screening Colonoscopy.

Author

Lathroum, Liselle, Ramos–Mercado, Fernando, Hernandez–Marrero, Jessica, Villafaña, Myriam, and Cruz–Correa, Marcia

Subjects
COLON cancer, COLONOSCOPY, DISEASE prevalence, SYSTEMATIC reviews, CONFIDENCE intervals, MEDICAL screening
Abstract

Background & Aims: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high prevalence among the US Hispanic population. In Puerto Rico, CRC is the third leading cause of cancer death in men and the second in women. There are limited published data on the prevalence of colorectal neoplasia (CRN) among the US Hispanic population. We determined the prevalence of CRN (colorectal adenomas and cancer) among asymptomatic, Hispanic subjects who were screened in Puerto Rico and evaluated risk factors associated with CRN. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the medical, endoscopic, and pathology records of individuals who underwent first-time screening colonoscopies at an ambulatory gastroenterology practice from January 1, 2008, to December 1, 2009. The prevalence of CRN (overall and advanced), documented by colonoscopy and pathology reports, was calculated for the complete cohort and by sex. Results: Of the 745 Hispanic individuals who underwent screening colonoscopies during the study period, the prevalence for overall CRN was 25.1% and for advanced CRN (≥1 cm and/or with advanced histology) was 4.0%. The prevalence of CRN was higher for men than women (32.0% vs 20.6%; P = .001; odds ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.6). CRN was more frequently located in the proximal colon (67.7% proximal vs 32.3% distal). A family history of CRC was associated with advanced CRN (odds ratio, 2.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–6.79). Conclusions: CRN was more common among Hispanic men than women and increased with age. CRNs among Hispanic individuals were predominantly located in the proximal colon. These findings indicate that there are ethnic and sex disparities in patterns of CRN that might be related to genomic admixture and have important implications for screening algorithms for Hispanic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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18. An uncommon hematologic disorder in an adult Puerto Rican patient.

Author

Fernandez, Francisco, Del Olmo, Francisco, Fernandez, Ricardo, Fernandez, Rosangela, Torrellas, Pedro, Hernandez, Luis, Lozada, Jose, and Boodoosingh, Dev

Subjects
BACTEREMIA, BLOOD diseases, SYMPTOMS, METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus, DISEASE complications
Abstract

We described a 24 years old man, born in Puerto Rico, with a history of type two diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and morbid obesity admitted after complaining of general malaise, dizziness, confusion, and unquantified fever of two weeks evolution. Pertinent clinical findings included hepatosplenomegaly and hypotension. Laboratories demonstrated leukocytosis, normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, high ferritin, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and elevated creatinine level along with hypertriglyceridemia. Further laboratories revealed bacteremia with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). An abdominal sonogram confirmed an enlarged liver measuring 23.6 cm and a spleen 18.2 cm long. A bone marrow biopsy evidenced histiocytes with engulfed red cells and nucleated cells. The patient was diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to bacteremia with MRSA. He coursed with severe sepsis involving target organs such as kidneys, bone marrow, liver and spleen. Daptomycin and Methylprednisolone were prescribed for the bacteremia and the hematologic condition respectively, with a favorable overall clinical response. HLH is an uncommon disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 in 50,000 lives births, having an equal male to female distribution. The current incidence in adults is unknown. Therefore, we like to share this case of an immune-competent, Hispanic adult with no history of familial immune deficiencies condition who presented an HLH secondary to bacteremia. To our knowledge, there are no published studies describing this syndrome in an immune-competent adult from Puerto Rico, making this case very uncommon in our island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012

19. Hispanic-Americans' Involvement in Marine Sciences: A Perspective.

Author

Avila, Manuel L. Hernandez

Abstract

Educational data confirm that the involvement of Hispanics in marine sciences has been, and still is, quite limited. However, the data also reveal, by inference, that an increasing number of Hispanic students (including those in Puerto Rico) are choosing marine sciences disciplines as careers. (Author/JN)

Published
1982

20. The voices of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico.

Author

Silva-Suárez, Georgina, Alvarado Reyes, Yarelis, Hernandez-Diaz, Ana, Rodriguez Ramirez, Keysha, and Colón-Pratts, Frances M.

Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic, MEDICAL personnel, PHARMACISTS, COVID-19, MEDICAL care
Abstract

Background: Community pharmacists have provided health care services uninterruptedly throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, their public health role is often overlooked.Objectives: The purpose of this article is to discuss the roles and the coping mechanisms of community pharmacists working during the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico.Methods: A cross-sectional study, using an electronic survey, was conducted to assess the community pharmacists' response during the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico. Two open-ended questions explored community pharmacists' opinions about the pharmacist's role and coping mechanisms during the pandemic. The responses were analyzed following an inductive thematic analysis. Two major themes emerged from their responses: professional and personal experiences.Results: Of the 302 participants who completed the survey, 77% of them answered 1 or both open-ended questions. The answers were diverse, and the respondents went beyond the specific topics asked. In professional experiences, important roles as educators and providing continuity of care and emotional support to their patients were highlighted. They also expressed concerns and frustrations on the profession's shortcomings, feeling overworked yet with a lack of recognition. In personal experiences, most of the respondents were concerned about the impact of having to juggle work and home life. They also reported mental health concerns, expressing feeling stressed, overworked, and worried about the constant risk of exposure and fear of exposing their loved ones.Conclusion: Community pharmacists in Puerto Rico ensured the continuation of care, provided education, and managed anxious and stressed patients. Most relied on family members to cope with the extra burden that the COVID-19 pandemic. The lack of recognition created resentfulness among participants. It is essential to listen to our community pharmacists' voices to support and respond to their needs and learn from their experiences as frontline health care workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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21. A STUDY OF POLICE ERRORS IN CRIME CLASSIFICATION.

Author

Ferracuti, Franco, Hernandez, Rosita Perez, and Wolfgang, Marvin E.

Subjects
POLICE, CRIME statistics, CLASSIFICATION of crimes, ERRORS
Abstract

This article examines the correctness of Puerto Rican police officers in reporting crimes. It is probable that the large proportion of errors made in the identification and classification of crimes constitutes a serious source of misinformation in the criminal statistics which are collected by the police. The amount of actual errors made in routing reporting is unknown, but the study suggests that it is substantial and certainly is a relevant factor in any reference to criminal statistics. Another interesting finding is the lack of conformity between the ranking assigned by police officers, according to seriousness of the crimes and the maximum length of sentence. Moreover, the amount of variance found among the police officers, according to the same ranking is striking.

Published
1962
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22. Chronology.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
PUERTO Rican history, SPANISH-American War, 1898
Abstract

The article presents a chronological list of events in the history of Puerto Rico. In 2000 B.C., first inhabitants settle in the island of Puerto Rico. In 1539 construction begins on San Felipe del Morro castle to defend the island against invaders. In 1595 British forces under the command of Sir Francis Drake attack Puerto Rico but are fought off by the Spanish, three years later, the British briefly occupy the island. The Cry of Lares marks the first major uprising against Spanish rule in 1868. In 1898 the U.S. goes to war with Spain after the battleship Maine blows up in Cuba, Spain loses war and later gives up control of Puerto Rico to the U.S. In 1917, Puerto Rico becomes a U.S. territory and islanders are given citizenship. Puerto Rico becomes a commonwealth of the U.S. in 1952. In 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush agrees to phase out military activity on Vieques by 2003.

Published
2003

23. Project and Report Ideas.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
ACTIVITY programs in education, TEACHERS, STUDENTS, PUERTO Rican authors, DEBATE
Abstract

The article presents several project and research ideas for students and teachers who are studying and teaching about Puerto Rico. To create a wildlife map of Puerto Rico, students can draw a large map of Puerto Rico. In the margins draw pictures and write short descriptions of at least six different animal or bird species native to the island. Students can also create a biography map of famous Puerto Rican literary artists, including Manuel Alonso, Julia de Burgos and José de Diego. Teachers can organize a debate among students about the political status of Puerto Rico.

Published
2003

24. Glossary.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
TERMS & phrases
Abstract

The article presents a glossary of terms used in a book about Puerto Rico.

Published
2003

25. Recipes.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
PUERTO Rican cooking, CHICKEN as food, CHICKENS, PIGEON pea, RICE, BEANS, COOKING
Abstract

The article describes several Puerto Rican recipes. For Arroz con Pollo (Rice With Chicken), soak the rice and saffron in a bowl for 1 hour. Sprinkle chicken pieces with salt and pepper. Place the onions, garlic, cilantro, and bell peppers in a food processor and mix until well blended. This mixture is called sofrito. In a large casserole over medium heat, cook the olive oil and sofrito. Add the chicken pieces, browning them on each side about 7 minutes. Add the tomatoes and cook about 4 minutes. Add the chicken stock and bring to a boil. Add the rice and saffron. Bring to a boil. When little craters start to form on top of the rice, place casserole in oven preheated to 350 Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. For Arroz con Gandules (Rice With Pigeon Peas), place the onions, garlic, cilantro, and bell peppers in a food processor and mix until well blended. This mixture is called sofrito. In a saucepan over medium heat, cook the olive oil, tomato sauce, and sofrito for 5 minutes. Add remaining ingredients plus 3 cups of water. Turn heat to high and bring to a boil. When most of the water is absorbed and little craters start to form on top of the rice, turn heat to low and cover. Cook about 30 minutes until rice is done. For Mofongo, peel plantains and cut into one-inch slices. Dissolve salt in the water. Place plantain slices in the water for 15 minutes. Remove plantains and dry on paper towels. Heat vegetable oil in a large frying pan over medium-high heat. When the oil is hot enough to make a piece of plantain sizzle, place all the slices in the pan. Fry plantains for five minutes each side. Remove and dry on paper towels. In a large bowl, mash together first, the olive oil and the peeled garlic cloves; second, the cooked plantain; and finally, the pork rinds. Form mixture into individual balls and serve hot over white rice.

Published
2003

26. A Calendar of Puerto Rican Festivals.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
FESTIVALS, HOLIDAYS, CHRISTIAN patron saints, FAIRS
Abstract

The article describes the festivals and holidays in Puerto Rico. Throughout the year virtually every Puerto Rican community, from San Juan to the smallest towns, commemorates the feast day of its patron saint. The San Sebastian Street Festival in San Juan is a celebration of Puerto Rican arts, music, dance, and food. January 11 marks the birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos. This writer and statesman fought for independence and the abolition of slavery. March is the month for the Ponce Crafts Fair, which spotlights the pottery, paintings, and other work of island artists. March 22, Emancipation Day, commemorates the 1873 abolition of slavery on the island. On May 3 Bayamón, a San Juan suburb, celebrates the Festival of Santa Cruz in honor of its patron saint. On June 24, all of Puerto Rico celebrates San Juan Bautista Day to honor the patron saint of the capital. Music and dancing highlight the festivities. In August, San Juan hosts the International Salsa Festival.

Published
2003

27. Puerto Rico has a pipeline to poverty.

Author

HERNANDEZ, ALEX V.

Subjects
INDUSTRIAL expansion, POVERTY, WAGES, PUERTO Rican economic conditions, 1952-, INTERNATIONAL economic relations
Published
2017

28. Picture Credits.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
BUSINESS enterprises, PHOTOGRAPHS
Abstract

The article acknowledges companies and establishments that provided photographs related to Puerto Rico, including Puerto Rico Tourism Co. and OTTN Publishing.

Published
2003

29. For More Information.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
GOVERNMENT agencies, STREET addresses
Abstract

The article presents the address and telephone number of establishments that provides information about Puerto Rico, including the Puerto Rico Tourism Co., Puerto Rico Resident Commissioner's Office and the Puerto Rico Governor's Office.

Published
2003

30. Further Reading/Internet Resources.

Author

Hernandez, Romel

Subjects
BOOKS, WEBSITES, COMPUTER network resources
Abstract

The article presents a list of books and Internet resources about Puerto Rico, including the books Images of Puerto Rico by Roger A. LaBruchie and Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings, by Roberto Santiago.

Published
2003

32. Puerto Rico's New Birth Certificate Law: Protecting Identities and Combating Fraud.

Author

Hernandez, Kenneth McClintock

Subjects
BIRTH certificate laws
Abstract

The article reports on the Law 191 of 2009, the law that will strengthen the issuance and usage of birth certificates to better protect the identity and credit of all people born in Puerto Rico noting that birth certificates will be issued starting on July 1, 2010.

Published
2010

35. Asthma morbidity measures across Black ethnic subgroups.

Author

Ishmael L, Apter A, Busse PJ, Calderon-Candelario R, Carroll JK, Casale T, Celedón JC, Cohen R, Coyne-Beasley T, Cui J, Ericson B, Hernandez P, Kaelber DC, Maher N, Merriman C, Mosnaim G, Nazario S, Phipatanakul W, Pinto-Plata V, Riley I, Shenoy K, Wisnivesky J, Yawn B, Israel E, and Cardet JC

Subjects
Adult, Humans, Emergency Service, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Ethnicity statistics & numerical data, Hispanic or Latino ethnology, Hispanic or Latino statistics & numerical data, Morbidity, Retrospective Studies, United States epidemiology, Puerto Rico ethnology, Black or African American ethnology, Black or African American statistics & numerical data, Caribbean People statistics & numerical data, Africa ethnology, Asthma complications, Asthma epidemiology, Asthma ethnology, Black People ethnology, Black People statistics & numerical data
Abstract

Background: Black adults are disproportionately affected by asthma and are often considered a homogeneous group in research studies despite cultural and ancestral differences., Objective: We sought to determine if asthma morbidity differs across adults in Black ethnic subgroups., Methods: Adults with moderate-severe asthma were recruited across the continental United States and Puerto Rico for the PREPARE (PeRson EmPowered Asthma RElief) trial. Using self-identifications, we categorized multiethnic Black (ME/B) participants (n = 226) as Black Latinx participants (n = 146) or Caribbean, continental African, or other Black participants (n = 80). African American (AA/B) participants (n = 518) were categorized as Black participants who identified their ethnicity as being American. Baseline characteristics and retrospective asthma morbidity measures (self-reported exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids [SCs], emergency department/urgent care [ED/UC] visits, hospitalizations) were compared across subgroups using multivariable regression., Results: Compared with AA/B participants, ME/B participants were more likely to be younger, residing in the US Northeast, and Spanish speaking and to have lower body mass index, health literacy, and <1 comorbidity, but higher blood eosinophil counts. In a multivariable analysis, ME/B participants were significantly more likely to have ED/UC visits (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.04-1.72) and SC use (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.00-1.62) for asthma than AA/B participants. Of the ME/B subgroups, Puerto Rican Black Latinx participants (n = 120) were significantly more likely to have ED/UC visits (IRR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.22-2.21) and SC use for asthma (IRR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.06-1.92) than AA/B participants. There were no significant differences in hospitalizations for asthma among subgroups., Conclusions: ME/B adults, specifically Puerto Rican Black Latinx adults, have higher risk of ED/UC visits and SC use for asthma than other Black subgroups., (Copyright © 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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