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The plateau vole, Neodon fuscus is endemic to China and is distributed mainly in Qinghai Province. It is of public health interest, as it is, a potential reservoir of Toxoplasma gondii and the intermediate host of Echinococcus multilocularis. However, genetic data of this species are lacking, and its name and taxonomy are still a controversy. In the present study, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire mitochondrial (mt) genome of N. fuscus and analyzed its evolutionary relationship. The mitogenome was 16328 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 genes for transfer RNAs (tRNA), two ribosomal RNA genes and two major noncoding regions (OL region and D-loop region). Most genes were located on the heavy strand. All tRNA genes had typical cloverleaf structures except for tRNASer (GCU). The mt genome of N. fuscus was rich in A+T (58.45%). Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods yielded phylogenetic trees from 33 mt genomes of Arvicolinae, in which N. fuscus formed a sister group with Neodon irene and Neodon sikimensis to the exclusion of species of Microtus and other members of the Arvicolinae. Further phylogenetic analyses (ML only) based on the cytb gene sequences also demonstrated that N. fuscus had a close relationship with N. irene. The complete mitochondrial genome was successfully assembled and annotated, providing the necessary information for the phylogenetic analyses. Although the name Lasiopodomys fuscus was used in the book 'Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World', we have confirmed here that its appropriate name is N. fuscus through an analysis of the evolutionary relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]