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Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) is a standard physiological index of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but reflects emphysema and vascular abnormalities less sensitively than diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (D LCO ). This study tested whether a disproportionally impaired D LCO relative to FEV 1 (FEV 1 z -score>-3 and D LCO z -score≤-3) is a common functional COPD phenotype associated with distinct clinical and structural features and the prognosis of two cohorts. The cross-sectional analyses of the Korea COPD Subgroup Study (KOCOSS) cohort (multicenter study in Korea) included 743 males with COPD whose D LCO was available. The cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the Kyoto University Cohort (single-center study in Japan) included 195 males with COPD who were prospectively followed for 10 years. A disproportionally impaired D LCO relative to FEV 1 was observed in 29% and 31% of patients in the KOCOSS and Kyoto University cohorts, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, the disproportionally impaired D LCO was associated with worse symptoms, shorter 6-minute walking distance, paraseptal and centrilobular emphysema on computed tomography, and reduced arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures compared to the reference (FEV 1 z -score>-3 and D LCO z -score>-3). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, a higher long-term mortality was observed in the disproportionally impaired D LCO group than in the reference group (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] = 3.09 [1.52-6.29]) and similar to the D LCO z -score≤-3 and FEV 1 z -score≤-3 group. The disproportionally impaired D LCO relative to FEV 1 is common and associated with increased symptoms, emphysema, arterial blood gas abnormalities, and increased long-term mortality in patients with COPD.