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Background: Suicide in young people is one of most common cause of death; and deliberate self-harm (DSH) is important indicator of suicide. It is currently unclear how old the rate begins to increase or when it reaches to the same level with adults. The purpose of this study was to find beginning age of DSH and compare their characteristics with adults., Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 5 years of nationwide prospective registry named Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance (EDIIS) registry composed of all injured patients who were admitted to twenty tertiary university hospital emergency departments. Injured patients aged 29 years or younger from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015 were included. Incidence rate of DSH in all age was described. Patients were stratified by age: early teenage (11-15 years), late teenage (16-19 years), and early adulthood (20-29 years). Data of early teenage group were compared to those of other groups for examining their characteristics., Results: Among 588,549 injury patients, 8,400 patients reported DSH. The rate began to rise at age 11 and reach at age 16 which was equivalent to that of age 20 to 29. Early teenage had significantly higher excess mortality ratio based injury severity score (EMR-ISS) and had almost same level without significant difference in operation incidence or mortality compared to late teenage and early adulthood., Conclusion: DSH rate began to rise at age 11, reaching adulthood level at age 16 in Korea., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Background: South Korean government is currently in progress of expanding the coverage of telemedicine projects as part of an attempt to vitalize service industry, but is facing fierce opposition from KMA. Practice of telemedicine requires sufficient discussions among related parties. Although the participation of medical specialists is important, agreement from the public is essential., Methods: Three main tertiary care centers in Seoul were selected for data collection. A total of 224 patients (patients n = 180, patient guardian n = 44) and medical professionals (n = 41) were selected using simple random sampling. Mixed method of quantitative survey and qualitative semi-interview was used., Results: This study analyzed patients' and medical professionals' perception about the application of telemedicine in cardiology ward in tertiary care centers to provide baseline data when developing and applying telemedicine services. Results implied high need for encouraging telemedicine projects in order to appeal needs among population by providing experience (p < 0.001) and knowledge (p < 0.001). Other results showed that the need for electrocardiography monitoring was high among not only in remote areas but also in areas close to the capital. 64.52% of all participants thought that telemedicine was needed, and 73.21% of participants were willing to use telemedicine service if provided. Semi-interviews revealed that participants expected more cost and time saving services through remote treatment, by not having to visit long distance hospitals frequently., Conclusions: Research results oppose Korean Medical Association's opinion that the population is against enforcing telemedicine related laws. The findings in this study reflect an up-to-date perception of telemedicine among patients and medical professionals in a tertiary care centers' cardiology ward. Moreover, the study provides a baseline that is needed in order to overcome past failures and to successfully implement telemedicine in South Korea.

Objectives: We evaluated central venous oxygen saturation (Scvo2) and lactate levels as a combination measure to predict mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock., Methods: We included patients older than 18 years of age who presented to a single tertiary emergency center with septic shock or severe sepsis and received early goal-directed therapy. We classified the sample into four groups according to lactate (cut-off: 4 mmol/L) and Scvo2 (cut-off: 70%) levels at the time of initial resuscitation: Group 1, high-Scvo2, and low-lactate; Group 2, low-Scvo2, and low-lactate; Group 3, high-Scvo2, and high-lactate; Group 4, low-Scvo2, and high-lactate. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality determined by multivariable Cox-regression analysis., Results: A total of 880 patients were included in this study. The 28-day mortality was 6.7% in Group 1, 15.7% in Group 2, 26.7% in Group 3, and 25.5% in Group 4 (P < 0.01). Compared with Group 1, all other groups showed significant differences in mortality (P < 0.01 by the log-rank test). There was, however, no difference between Groups 3 and 4. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that all other groups exhibited significantly increased hazard ratios for 28-day mortality, compared with Group 1., Conclusions: Oxygenation category, as represented by initial Scvo2 and lactate levels, was significantly associated with 28-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Associations between Scvo2 ≥70% and 28-day survival were observed only in patients without severe lactic acidosis.

Background: For the basic life support (BLS) renewal course, we have devised a new educational programme entitled a small-group-discussion (SGD) programme using personalised video-based debriefing., Objective: We compared the efficacy in BLS skill improvement of the SGD programme with the currently used practice-while-watching (PWW) programme, which uses a standardised education video., Method: This was a prospective, cluster randomised study, conducted in a single centre, over 6 months from May 2009 to October 2009. Training was performed in two groups of participants, each group with a different renewal education programme. The efficacy of the programmes was compared using the modified Cardiff test and skill-reporting manikins., Results: Results from 2169 participants were analysed: 1061 in the SGD programme group and 1108 in the PWW programme group. There were no differences between groups on the pretest, either in compression or non-compression skills. However, on the post-test, the SGD programme gave better results for both compression skills and non-compression skills., Conclusions: The new SGD renewal programme is more effective than the PWW programme for improving skills in BLS renewal training., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)

We aimed to compare outcomes of sepsis patients according to their hemodynamic presentation: cryptic shock (CS), cryptic to overt shock (COS), and overt shock (OS). We analyzed the sepsis registry for adult patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital and met the criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock between August 2008 and March 2012. We classified the patients as having CS, COS, or OS. "Cryptic shock" was defined as severe sepsis with a lactate level of 4 mmol/L or greater and normotension, "COS" was defined as initial CS that progressed to septic shock within 72 h, and "OS" was defined as septic shock on ED arrival. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess variables related to in-hospital mortality and a multivariable Cox regression analysis to assess predictive factors for progression to OS in patients who initially showed CS. A total of 591 patients were included. We assigned 187 (31.6%) patients to the CS group, 157 (26.6%) patients to the COS group, and 247 (41.8%) patients to the OS group. There was a significant difference in unadjusted in-hospital mortality among groups (7.0% in the CS group, 27.4% in the COS group, and 21.9% in the OS group; P < 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed an odds ratio (OR) for in-hospital mortality of 0.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.07 - 0.40; P < 0.01) for the CS group and 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.46 - 1.49; P = 0.54) for the COS group compared with the OS group. A higher blood lactate concentration and respiratory failure were significant risk factors for progression to OS. In conclusion, CS without deterioration to hypotension during initial treatment showed significantly lower mortality than OS. The mortality from CS that progressed to apparent hypotension, however, was comparable to the mortality associated with OS.