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In a world of eternal accelerations old issues such as miscommunication between the representatives of the law or of the state in general and the minor or the familial unit are bound to aggravate. In this article we will present the general situation of the right of the child to be listened as it is imposed by international law and adapted for our respective legislations. After this we will offer a possible explanation as to why these laws seem to fail despite sincere efforts towards a betterment of the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents aspects from the biography of General Livius Teiușanu, the first Romanian military attaché in Washington (1917-1920). Born in 1888, he attended the Military School of Infantry Officers (1909), and the following year studied in Germany. He took part in the campaign against Bulgaria, and then in the battles of the First World War. After being seriously wounded in the Battle of Jiu (October 23-29, 1916), he was moved to the Infantry Military School in Iassy. After the war, he was sent on a mission as a military attaché in the Unites States, together with a team of diplomats who formed the first Romanian Legation in Washington. Being accused of antimonarchic attitude, he was arrested in 1930, after publishing some critical writings about King Charles II of Romania. Considered a "reactionary and anti-democratic element", he was also arrested during the communist regime, on two occasions, in 1952 and 1959. Imprisoned at a hospital for nervous diseases, he was released in 1962. He died the following year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octavian Roske was a genuine intellectual, interested in studying the phenomenon of totalitarianism, contributing to the development of theoretical concepts since the early 1990s. In his work, three directions of research are evident, all essential for understanding repression during the communist regime. He was involved in research on the problem of collectivization in Romania, materialized in several volumes of studies and documents published either alone or in collaboration with other authors. He coordinated the project "Repressive Mechanisms in Romania, 1945-1989. Biographical Dictionary" (from 2001 to 2011), then another project, „Romania 1945-1989. Encyclopaedia of the Communist Regime. The Repression" (2011, 2012, 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Musei Brukenthal is the property of Brukenthal National Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Historia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article evokes the political actions against the Ceaușescu’s regim made by a teenager from a town from North Romania. In 1981, after hearing some radio station brodcasts of „Europa Liberă” radio, the young opposer (Mugur Călinescu) wrote anticomunist posts and slogans on the walls and fences of Botoșani, for a few months until he was captured by the officers from the local Securites. After he was arrested, Mugur Călinescu was investigated and then humiliated by the theachers of his high school and party representatives, in the front of his colegues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a short presentation of Iosif Capotă’s biography. He was born in January 24, 1912, in Mărgău (Cluj County). During the Interwar period he was an active member of the Romanian National Peasant Party. Once the Communist regime took over in Romania the authorities started to pursue him. He went into hiding between 1947 and 1957. Together with Doctor Alexandru Dejeu, he produced anticommunist manifestos that encouraged the population to resist the abuses provoked by the new regime. He was arrested in December 7, 1957, investigated, trialed and condemned to death. The sentence was carried out in Gherla Penitentiary, in September 2, 1958. Even if the group Capotă-Dejeu had a discreet, less provocative attitude, compared to other anticommunist groups active in that period, their actions were important as they kept the hope of change alive among the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sympathizer of the illegally RCP, Vintilă Vais was appointed a police inspector under the new political regime established in 1945. In 1948, he was removed from this position by the Securitate following different charges. In 1951 he was sentenced at 10 years in prison. He witnessed the horrors the political prisoners at Gherla penitentiary were subjected during the reeducation. After having long discussions with Radu Ciuceanu, a political prisoner at that time, he managed to send the superior party leadership a private message regarding the reeducation practices. That contributed decisively to the stopping of the reeducation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complex phenomenon of the reeducation in Communist prisons. The author gives several examples of political prisoners that underwent reeducation to prove that despite its magnitude reeducation was not irreversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article brings a document in the foreground signed by one of the cruel prison commanders in the 1950s. It's a memoir signed by Major Nicolae Maromete in which he exhibits disappointance with the „unjust” treatment he was subjected to by the military justice and control bodies of Ministry of Interior. The document we publish has a special importance since it presents for the first time the perspective of a commander of a political prisoners penitentiary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Second World War, Central and Eastern Europe was discovering the communist influence. The communist ideology changed the political regimes of the countries from the region, but most important it changed the society and the mentality of the people living in Central and Eastern Europe. The countries experienced censorship, lack of private property, repression, secret police abuse, religious bans, poverty, food rationalization, lack of privacy, massive industrialization and many other abuses which are typical for a totalitarian regime. This article focuses on daily life aspects during communist Romania, because it is one of the most revealing cases of the post-communist countries. Romania had one of the most abusive and obsolete communist regime. The methodological approach is based on the case study method, which will be validated with empirical data. This article will also emphasize the legacies of the totalitarian recent past over the contemporary evolution of the Central and Eastern European societies, with an accent on the Romanian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Historia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Officially launched during the March 3-5, 1949 plenary meeting, the collectivization of agriculture caused deep transformations of the Romanian villages. Given the vast rural population at the end of the Second World War, the Romanian communist regime decided to pursue the socialist transformation of agriculture at all costs as long as it accomplished the subjugation of the rural population. For this purpose, the communist authorities used manipulation and persuasion, on the one hand, and, on the other, an entire arsenal of coercive means: economic pressures, imprisonments and convictions of the peasants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Şerban Cioculescu was one of the most important Romanian literary critics who belonged to the third generation of literary critics, together with George Călinescu, Vladimir Streinu, Pompiliu, Perpessicius. Following the Communist's politics of professional purges on political grounds, Cioculescu was expelled from the Romanian Writers' Society (1946), from the academic education system, on October 4, 1947, and from the Professional Journalist Union on October 22, 1947. In 1949, he was detained for a short period, being accused of taking part in subversive activity, but he was released for lack of evidence. In 1952, Cioculescu was in danger of being sent in a working colony for his membership in the National Pesants' Party and only several years later Cioculescu was removed from his position in the Institute of Linguistics. In the context of political liberalization started in 1962-1964, Cioculescu was rehabilitated and he was allowed to resume his teaching activities. He became a correspondent member of the Romanian Academy, in 1966, and a full member in 1974. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The documents continue the series of historical accounts of the final stage of collectivization of agriculture between 1957 and 1962. The testimonies selected in this issue illustrate the diverse means of repression the communist authorities used in order to step up the collectivization process in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between the type of power exercised by the political elites in the early stages of development of the communist regime in Romania and the reactions to peasant riots during the collectivization process. I focus on a single case study (riots in Arad county, in the summer off 1949) and elaborate on the use of political violence as a resource aimed at securing social control in the absence of strong institutional capacity. I review the first stages of collectivization (1949-1956), I identify and analyze short and longterms measures taken against the peasants who participated in the riots and their families; and I examine some of the measures taken to consolidate and expand the functions of the Secret Police as a direct consequence of the riots. The findings reflect on the weaknesses of a despotic regime that had not yet fully developed its infrastructural powers and relied on a high level of physical violence against actions it perceived as threats to its authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A descendent of the family of Grigore Alexandru Ghica, former Moldavian ruler, Alexandru Ghyka graduated from Law Faculty in Iassy in 1930. Soon after, he began working as a magistrate in the courts of Tutova and Bujorul-Covurlui, and afterwards he became a lawyer. In 1937, Alexandru Ghyka joined the Legionary Movement, and a year later he was main lawyer in the political trial of Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu, the leader of the Legionary Movement. After the establishment of the national-legionary government, Alexandru Ghyka was appointed general director of the Police (16 September 1940 - 21 January 1941). Following the legionary rebellion, A. Ghyka was arrested, subjected to a trial and convicted to 15 years of hard labor for rebellion and high treason. He was imprisoned at the penitentiaries of Aiud, Braşov, Alba-Iulia, and Suceava. Ghyka was released from prison on 29 June 1954 and he was set a mandatory domicile in the region of Galaţi. Only four months later, he was arrested once again, and sentenced to life in prison, in 1957. In July 1964, Ghyka was granted a pardon and he was released from prison. He lived in Galaţi, where in order to earn his living he worked at the Enterprise of Public Transportation. After two years he began working as a legal adviser until he retired, in 1970. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biographical dictionary is an essential instrument for the analysis of the dinamics and the forms of the repressive system. Along with the collections of documents, studies and the legislative corpus, the biographical dictionary appeared as a need to establish the identity of the victims as well as the coordinators of the repression. It also represents a useful source for the research of the history of the repressive mechanisms of the Romanian Communist regime. The biographical dictionary has five main characteristics: it stands on a number of edited or oral sources; it has a pattern which establishes a predictable character; it has a regional or professional determination; it is circumscribed to a certain period of time and has a specific stylistic mark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prison poetry was one of the ways to resist the destructive pressure of the Romanian prison system. It offered thousands of political prisoners the opportunity to survive through artistic expression of a moral and spiritual predicament. The chief feature of prison poetry is its oral character: composed and then memorized by the author's fellow inmates, it crossed the prison walls in Morse code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The documents continue the series of historical accounts of the final stage of collectivization of agriculture between 1957 and 1962. The testimonies selected in this issue illustrate the diverse means of repression the communist authorities used in order to step up the collectivization process in Romania after 1957. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reprints the last part of the book The Unmasking of Communism in Romania compiled in 1941 by the police commissioner Nicolae Turcu. Short after the Communists had taken over Turcu was arrested and detained without a Court sentence. He died in detention, in October 1955. Subjected to a terror regime the former commissioner was used in order to provide information on those who betrayed the Communist years during illegal year or to declare against former leaders of RCP that had fallen into disgrace after the Communist seized the power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nifon Criveanu (1889-1970), bishop of Husi (1933-1939) and metropolitan of Oltenia (1939-1945), was the first Orthodox Romanian hierarch who was discarded from his position by the Communist regime. The reason for his removal was related to his symphaties towards Antonescu's regime and his missionary and „antisoviet"activity in Transnistria between 1942-1943. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The documents continue the series of historical accounts of the final stage of collectivization of agriculture between 1957 and 1962. The testimonies selected in this issue illustrate the diverse means of repression the communist authorities used in order to step up the collectivization process in Romania after 1957. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper represents a mere fragment taken from a much more extended research dedicated to the experiences lived by the women imprisoned in the communist prisons from Romania. In what follows I shall analyze the stereotypes of representation of the guardians from the Romanian concentration camps system, their monikers, some traits of character and their behaviour in respect to the prisoners, as the female memorial detention documentation reveals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the circumstances of the origin, the course and after-life of a folk religious movement that emerged in 1986, during the time of the communist dictatorship. The religious movement arose in a region inhabited by an ethnic group constituting a religious and linguistic minority, the csángós of Moldavia, in one of the most economically backward zones of Romania. The Csángós of Moldavia (a Hungarian-speaking, Roman Catholic ethnic group) in many respects resemble pre-industrial ethnic groups; their world view and religious practice have mediaeval characteristics. The Romanian communist regime had one of the community's leaders killed; a doctor who was also a consecrated priest. After his death people began to attribute miraculous, healing power to the well in front of his house. As a result the well soon became a place of pilgrimage attracting crowds of thousands. The Securitate (the Romanian secret police) tried to prevent the development of the cult; it dispersed what had become a constant crowd of believers around the well and placed it under police control. Despite the bans the pilgrimages did not stop, on the contrary they increasingly took on the character of a movement. After the area around the well was closed, the destination of the pilgrimages was shifted to the village cemetery where the doctor was buried and where the miracles, healings and visions continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study draws a typology of the representatives of repression in Romanian communist jails and camps. This is not an external typology but it is based on the memories of convicts. Starting from this classification and drawing on the experiences of international memoir literature and historiography, the study offers an "anthropologic" understanding of the Romanian communist jails and camps until the end of the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]