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There is little research studying the effects of political violence on financial markets over decades, especially in an atmosphere where the violence manifested itself in heterogeneous and geographically widespread ways. This article examines the authoritarian edifice of Tsarist Russia in the nineteenth century to examine the way in which capital markets perceived political instability in a country which had paradoxically strong financial institutions but weak political ones. Using a novel database on political violence in Russia in the nineteenth century matched to monthly financial data from Russian equity markets, this article provides strong evidence that Russia's financial markets were negatively affected in the long run by political violence. Consistent with modern views of financial information, the effects of political violence were quickly incorporated into asset prices, but the specific magnitude of such violence was different depending on where the violence occurred and in what manner. Overall, it appeared that political violence was perceived very negatively by investors in Russian equity markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to investigate the issues concerning the definition of the big data concept, as well as the problem of civil turnover of big data in the legislation of the Russian Federation. Approaches to this definition enshrined in doctrinal legal acts and investigated in the legal literature are analyzed. The features and peculiarities of big data are considered. The conclusion about the need to legislate the basic categories in the field of big data to clarify the place of this object in the system of objects of civil rights is made. The study has also analyzed the risks of including big data in civil law turnover. Given the results, substantially practical approaches to regulating civilized forms of big data circulation should be the established mechanisms of civil liability for the use of big data that have resulted in derogation or limitation of the rights of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]