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This study aimed to identify and compare the impact of production factors on the total ecological and economic efficiency of the potato land-use type in the two regions Primorsky Kray, Russia and Red River Delta, Vietnam using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The result of data analysis for the period of 2016-2019 showed that the contribution coefficient of factors such as initial investment, labor cost, expenses of machinery and equipment, and amounts of pesticides and fertilizers used for potato farming per hectare to the total ecological and economic efficiency of the potato land-use type in Primorsky was higher than in the Red River Delta. The results also show that the amounts of pesticides and fertilizers in the Red River Delta were used more than in Primorsky; therefore, they present a higher influence on the total ecological and economic efficiency. On the basis of the analysis of the impact of each factor, this study has proposed the solutions to enhance the influence of the factors that have a proportional effect and minimize the influence of factors that have an inversely proportional effect on the economicenvironmental efficiency of potato land use in each study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development of the state implies a proportional change in the key macroeconomic indicators described by standard models, one of which is the exponential production function (a special case of the Cobb-Douglas function), where the number of employees (labor) and the value of fixed assets (capital) acts as factor inputs, and GDP becomes the output, and output elasticities of production factors are estimated. This function is successfully used to analyze and predict macroeconomic processes in both developed and developing economies. The purpose of the study is to use econometric modeling—applying the exponential Cobb-Douglas production function—to identify the presence or absence of dependencies of production factors (labor, capital, etc.) on the final product output in Russia. The study shows that in Russia, GDP does not significantly depend on fixed assets. The authors hypothesized that this discrepancy is due to underutilization of production capacities and proved that to reveal the real dependence of Russian GDP production on the value of fixed assets it is necessary to adjust the indicators published by Rosstat for utilization of production capacities, which made it possible to fully use the methodological capabilities of production functions for the analysis and forecasting of macroeconomic processes in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of belowground plant production and its determining factors is critical for better understanding carbon turnover in the biosphere. The measurement of fine root production is a methodical and difficult task. To reveal factors determining fine root production in mountain ecosystems, we introduced a new modification of ingrowth method with the use of filter balls (tea strainers). We studied root production in 16 communities from upper forest to subnival belts in the range of 2184–3069 m a.s.l. in the Teberda Reserve, Northwestern Caucasus, Russia. The filter balls were filled with sifted soil (without roots or stones) and buried in the soil 7–8 cm deep. The mass of root ingrowth was measured after two months of incubation under natural conditions. Mixed-effect models were applied to test the relationships between root mass, elevation, soil moisture, organic matter content, and pH. The highest root production was observed in an alpine snowbed (247 mg per filter ball in 60 days), the lowest was in forest and subnival communities (3–20 mg per filter ball in 60 days). The communities with woody dominants had lower production than herb communities. It increased with soil moisture, which was the most important factor. In herb communities the production of roots tended to decrease with the elevation. Soil organic matter as a separate factor had a positive relationship with root production in herb communities. There were no links between root ingrowth and soil pH. The method introduced presently both allows for the comparison of plant communities by their root production and reveals factors determining it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a modification of the approach to the analysis of inter-industry balance. Instead of linear models of inter-industry balance, based on the hypothesis of W. Leontief about the constancy of the cost standards of production factors, the article studies nonlinear models. For the case of production functions with constant elasticity of substitution (CES) an algorithm for solving the inverse problem is proposed, which allows to identify the model of nonlinear inter-industry balance based on the data of the symmetric input-output table. Based on the Young transform and Fennel duality, with the help of this model, we develop a technology for analyzing inter-industry relationships. The technology has been tested on the data of economic statistics of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—This article considers the prospects for restoring lithium production in Russia as one of the possible directions for the development of the mineral resource complex. It is shown that a number of comparative economic advantages have been formed for this purpose. The main advantage is the dynamic growth of demand and prices for lithium-containing products. Arguments are given in favor of the fact that the current trends are not situational but long-term in nature, associated with the development of high-tech industries around the world. It is shown that this can be confirmed by the high growth rates of investments in renewable energy sources, which implies a significant increase in the production of lithium-ion batteries. It is noted that other high-tech sectors that require lithium-containing products are also actively developing in Russia. An overview of the lithium market from the supply side is given: the structure of its stocks, production, and the main countries–producers and exporters of lithium are shown. The problems and prospects of resumption of Russian lithium production are considered. It is noted that the dynamic growth of lithium prices provides the possibility of profitable development of previously exploited deposits where production was suspended in the conditions of low prices in the 1990s. It is shown that the Zavitinsk field in Zabaykalsky krai, which was closed in 1998, has favorable conditions for the restoration of production. A SWOT analysis is made to confirm this conclusion. The following conclusions were drawn: resumption of lithium production in Russia will permit a step forward in the direction of reorientation from large export-oriented mining projects to the formation of high-tech production chains of a high degree of localization within the country; this would become of the most important "growth points" in the process of reindustrialization, as well as creating new opportunities for development of territories and improvement of living standards in the east of Russia; domestic lithium production is of strategic importance for a broad segment of the new economy and, as such, will be sustainably supported by increasing demand in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of national and historical features of human capital was broadly discussed by public thought and academic discourse. It is vitally important in the sense to be the key to perceiving perspectives of the development of Russia’s economic and social institutions. Moreover, high degree of spatial differentiation is a persistent characteristic of both the Russian Empire, and the USSR, and the modern Russian Federation, primarily as a result from multinational and multicultural composition of the population of their territories. The article presents our preliminary results of the project for reconstruction of macroeconomic dynamics in selected regions of the late Russian Empire, as regards their human capital accumulation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the cases of selected regions of European Russia as regards the role which various institutional sectors of their economies played in financing of education and health care as basic branches of human capital formation. To implement this purpose annual governors’ reports are introduced to the literature as the main source for the reconstruction of long series of the indicators of human capital industries, the reliability of which is discussed in the article. The author used cross-check of the sources quantitative evidence, employed methods of long series reconstruction of the indicators in question (inter-, retro-, and extrapolation) and their statistical analysis (descriptive, comparative). When offering his own explanation of the evidence the author applied to categories and concepts of institutional economic history in the context of modernization paradigm. The first results demonstrate which institutional sectors to what extent were the sources and the recipients of financial resources for human capital formation, and how institutional differences between the provinces could affect the accumulation rate of this factor of production. In particular, it is documented that local self-governments retained their leading role in healthcare financing while the share of the central government was increasing gradually to become the major source of education financing. These results are important in the context of addressing the inquiries of the period’s place in the long run processes of capital accumulation (both physical and human); of their role in Russia’s economic development; as well as of persistence of specific regional characteristics over time, that determined the existence of various institutional paths within the country -wide processes of modernization and formation of the common economic space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Higher output of competitive and high-quality agricultural products implies the more efficient use of the resource potential held by agricultural organizations. In the modern conditions, it is essential to substantiate indicators and conditions in order to improve the efficiency of the resource potential and to determine resource potential needs for the manufacture of agricultural products. The agroindustrial complex resource system aims to improve the efficiency of its use. The entry into the resource potential system includes the attraction of main production factors (labor, land, capital, entrepreneurship). The resource potential system is used as a subsystem of a region’s economic potential. The exit from the system constitutes the more efficient use of the resource potential. The exit from the resource potential system is the entry into the production potential system with a view to manufacturing agricultural products. An agricultural organization’s resource potential is a transparent production system, in which entrepreneurship, taking into account the prevailing market conditions, the modern development level of production forces and production relations, unites, in an optimal combination, in an organization of the relevant organizational-legal form and puts into action technologically dependent factors of agricultural production (labor, land, capital). In the article, the authors substantiate conditions and targets for the efficient use of the resource potential. Taking into account innovative development and achievements of leading companies, resource needs for grain and milk output have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problems related to agriculture and prospects of the development of rural school in Russia. It notes that the country's agriculture remains underdeveloped and short of manpower because young individuals are having little or no interest in working in agriculture or living in a village. It emphasizes to view the training of young individuals for agricultural work as a vitally important social and pedagogical problem. It also asserts the necessity to develop and modernize the system of work training, pre-professional, professional, and profile training of school students based on new goals and objectives of technological support.

The article focuses on the macroeconomic and structural aspects of the Dutch disease in Russia Federation. Such economic problem, which refers to the deindustrialization of an economy due to the discovery of a new natural resource, was observed in the 1970s in the Netherlands which was associated with the exploitation of gas deposits in the North Sea. It involves real exchange appreciation as a result of trade balance improvement that reduces the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry. Dutch disease affects all non-raw-material branches of the economy, which produce tradable outputs such as goods and services that have the potential for free export and import.

Abstract: The Russian Federation provides a valuable laboratory to study the impact of political forces on the process of structural reform. We examine changes in the industrial structure of employment across Russian regions and assess the importance of legacy factors, political factors, and success factors in explaining this process. We discuss the problems introduced by federalism in the transition process. We find that initial conditions such as natural resource potential, climate, and industrial specialization explain more of the variation in industrial restructuring than political variables. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article examines the dependence of the Russian economy and its post-2000 growth on natural resources, especially hydrocarbons. The rich natural resource endowments of Russia is sometimes viewed as a "curse" that hampers development. The challenges posed by Russia's resource dependence are grave and needs to be overcome. Russia had a resource-based development in recent years. But the last twenty years has shown natural resources as a hurdle to successful development. A priority on good macro-economic management has been placed by Russia's resource dependence.

Since the beginning of the transition from centrally planned to market economy, the FDI outflows of the Russian Federation have consistently exceeded the inflows. In the 1990s, most of the outflows were of an informal nature, and unregistered in the balance of payments, or misregistered under other items. Since 2003, their recording has improved. However, the question remains: how can a lower-middle income country become a net capital exporter? It is supposed to be the combined result of economic and political factors such as the economic and business environment, still deemed to be difficult. The fact that the 'oligarchy' created under the presidency of Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999) continues to control large parts of the privatized natural resources of the country also stimulated capital exporting behavior. With the political changes currently taking place, only a limited increase in the influence of the State is expected to happen. Moreover, the strategic interest of Russian firms to control their vertical value chains through outward FDI is expected to remain in the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Studies the significance of increase in capital stocks and growth of labor market in the production potential of the national economy in Russia as of 1996. Reform in market relations; Role of capital stocks in economic development; Enumeration of value of capital stocks in major industries; Increased incidence of unemployment.

Argues that a profound crisis between labor and capital exists in the Russian Federation, which is attested to by material factors of production and exchange. Three basic features of the crisis; Social justice as the way to resolving the problem; Beneficiaries of voucher privatization.

The article reports on population movement and labor supply in Siberia. The question of the nature of population movement under socialism and of its laws has hardly been studied in the USSR in recent times. Major works on this subject appeared toward the end of the 1920s. There can be no doubt that population movement in socialist society differs fundamentally from that under the conditions of all previous socioeconomic systems. Whereas under capitalism the population spontaneously follows the spontaneous flow of capital from one field to another and from area to area, capital investment under socialism is a planned process. Under today's conditions, population movement is a combination of both socially organized migration called forth by public needs and individual migration resulting from the needs of the migrants themselves. Socially organized population movement, directly associated with the utilization of labor resources, is produced by society's efforts to bring the distribution of the labor supply into accord with the need for labor power. A system of organizational, economic, and other measures carried out by government agencies and civic organizations constitutes the means of achieving socially organized territorial redistribution of labor resources.