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The present follow-up study examined the contribution of early temperament to mental health in preschool and school years. Participants represent a community sample of 96 children (54% female) from urban and rural areas of Russia. Temperament was measured by the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire; mental health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Effortful control and negative affectivity accounted for 17% of the variance in internalizing problems and 6% in externalizing problems, and results also highlighted the contribution of lower-order traits. Our findings emphasize the importance of broadband and fine-grained early temperamental traits for later mental health in the Russian context and support the predominant role of effortful control and negative affectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1994, the National Library of Russia has accepted electronic media according to the federal law On the Obligatory Copy of Documents, which established the system of legal deposit in Russia. The Scientific-Technical Center 'Informregistr' is responsible for collecting legal deposits of electronic media and provides regular analysis of the National Library's collection of electronic editions. The results of these analyses are given in this article. Bibliographic records of deposited electronic media are available online in the electronic catalog Russian Electronic Editions. Catalog data are used to evaluate the characteristics of electronic editions and publishers. Acquisitions librarians use this catalog as a national bibliographic resource for adding electronic editions to their collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present first results from 19 months of semicontinuous concentration measurements of biogeochemical trace gases (CO2, CO, and CH4) and O2, measured at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in the boreal forest of central Siberia. We estimated CO2 and O2 seasonal cycle amplitudes of 26.6 ppm and 134 per meg, respectively. An observed west-east gradient of about -7 ppm (in July 2006) between Shetland Islands, Scotland, and ZOTTO reflects summertime continental uptake of CO2 and is consistent with regional modeling studies. We found the oceanic component of the O2 seasonal amplitude (Atmospheric Potential Oxygen, or APO) to be 51 per meg, significantly smaller than the 95 per meg observed at Shetlands, illustrating a strong attenuation of the oceanic O2 signal in the continental interior. Comparison with the Tracer Model 3 (TM3) atmospheric transport model showed good agreement with the observed phasing and seasonal amplitude in CO2 however, the model exhibited greater O2 (43 per meg, 32%) and smaller APO (9 per meg, 18%) amplitudes. This seeming inconsistency in model comparisons between O2 and APO appears to be the result of phasing differences in land and ocean signals observed at ZOTTO, where ocean signals have a significant lag. In the first 2 months of measurements on the fully constructed tower (November and December 2006), we observed several events with clear vertical concentration gradients in all measured species except CO. During "cold events" (below -30°C) in November 2006, we observed large vertical gradients in CO2 (up to 22 ppm), suggesting a strong local source. The same pattern was observed in CH4 concentrations for the same events. Diumal vertical CO2 gradients in April to May 2007 gave estimates for average nighttime respiration fluxes of 0.04 ± 0.02 mol C m-2 d-1, consistent with earlier eddy covariance measurements in 1999-2000 in the vicinity of the tower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses potential application of data on stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition of carbonates for study of organic rich source rocks on the example of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Bazhenov Formation (West Siberian petroleum basin, Russia). Geochemical studies were conducted for sections located in central (most productive) and peripheral (northern and southern) regions of the Bazhenov Formation distribution area, containing deposits formed under different conditions. We identified key factors impacting stable isotope composition of carbonate minerals and established relation of their isotope composition to the formation conditions. Using a thermodynamic model of carbon and oxygen isotope exchange in the carbonate–water–carbon dioxide system, it is shown that variations in the isotope composition of secondary carbonates are affected by isotopic composition of primary carbonates in sediments and by the isotope exchange reactions with water and carbon dioxide, generated during the source rocks transformation. Our results demonstrate that stable isotope data for carbonates in the Bazhenov Formation together with standard geochemical methods can be efficiently applied to determine sedimentation conditions and secondary alteration processes of oil source rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bazhenov formation is the key kerogen-bearing oil shale reserve in Russia. Therefore, as recovery from conventional reservoirs decreases, the need to find enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques in order to develop Bazhenov formation becomes evident. Despite the huge amount of reserves, oil shales in Russia have not been developed extensively due to the absence of suitable recovery technique. High pressure air injection (HPAI) is one of the recovery techniques that has a potential to become the main recovery method. In order to design this method correctly, different aspects must be investigated. To do that, thermal analysis methods should be implemented. In this work, thermomicroscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis and open system pyrolysis were performed to investigate kerogen conversion process. The optical thermomicroscopy showed changes in the macrostructure and the morphology of the Bazhenov shale sample during heating up to 720 °C with the heating rate 10 °C/min. It was demonstrated that the conversion of kerogen into hydrocarbons caused increasing in sample porosity. Geometrical characteristics of pores such as size and shape were determined, dynamic events during the heating were investigated. During the air purge, intensive fracturing occurred along the voids formed due to oxidation of organic matter at 450 °C. The simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) revealed linear relationship between TOC and heat value for single well samples. Interval of oxidation reactions was determined. Bulk-kinetic parameters (activation energy and frequency factor) were calculated by numerical inversion of pyrolysis data using the Kinetics2015 optimization software. Fixing the A factor to a 2×10 14 s −1 and using a spacing of 1 kcal/mole in the discrete activation energy distribution were investigated. In result, solution for different samples along the well was rather stable comparing to traditional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Siberian Platform is unique by its volume of Meso-Neoproterozoic sedimentary deposits. For about one billion years (∼1650–650 Ma) several sedimentary basins were developed here, resulting in the formation of several kilometers thickness of sedimentary cover. The Riphean (Mesoproterozoic–Lower Neoproterozoic) rocks are exposed mainly along platform peripheries. The most complete sections are represented by several megacycles. Each megacycle contains terrigenous series at the base and carbonate formations in the upper part. Several isolated and anisochronous basins were created during the Riphean on the territory of East Siberia. Some of them were intracratonic, others were developed on passive margins. Neoproterozoic orogeny along the platform boundaries resulted in re-organization of the Siberian basins, with extensive faulting, uplifting and erosion of the territories. In eastern Siberia, Riphean series contain large hydrocarbon accumulations. The reservoirs were formed mainly due to fracturing and leaching of carbonate strata (e.g. vugular carbonates of the pre-Vendian weathering crust). The Upper Proterozoic deposits are overlain by thick clayey-carbonate and saliferous-carbonate series of the Upper Vendian and Cambrian, isolating them from the upper sedimentary cover. The Riphean basins contained thick, organic rich, clayey and clayey carbonate. In some of them a hydrocarbon generation maximum took place at the end of the Riphean. The pre-Vendian erosion has removed a significant volume of Riphean sediments. During this time a majority of already formed hydrocarbon accumulations have been lost or degraded. Remaining Riphean series have generated hydrocarbons during the Paleozoic. Despite its complex history, the Riphean is still considered highly prospective, with source rocks developing at multiple levels and reservoirs occurring in both carbonate and clastic rocks. Discoveries of new oil-and-gas fields in East Siberia are likely, but will depend on integration of detailed seismic data and a large volume of core data for the correct prognosis of Riphean reservoir distribution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, we obtained the first data on the compositional kinetics of the Bazhenov kerogen decomposition, which are essential for estimation of the amount and composition of hydrocarbon products in petroleum system modeling and for simulation of organic matter transformation in the processes of thermal enhanced oil recovery. The Bazhenov Formation is one of the priority oil shale formations in the world and is the principal source rock in the West Siberian Petroleum Basin, Russia. The kinetic study was performed on source rock samples with organic matter spanning the range of thermal maturity from immature to early and middle mature. The experiments included (1) the determination of bulk kinetic spectrum from pyrograms obtained using linear heating of rock samples, (2) a series of isothermal pyro-GС-TOFMS/FID experiments carried out at several levels of organic matter conversion, and (3) the calculation of the compositional kinetic spectrum from the experimental data. The kinetic characteristics of the samples were correlated with organic matter maturity. We have demonstrated that with an increase of organic matter maturity, the maximum of activation energy distribution shifts from 51 to 53 kcal/mol (for a fixed frequency factor A = 1⋅1014 s-1). The kerogen destruction products analyses reveal that for the immature sample the total gas yield is 39%, the percentage of heavy hydrocarbons С 16+ is 16%, and the percentage of С 7 -C 10 is two times higher than that of С 11 -C 15 : 30 and 15%, respectively. With the increase of organic matter maturity, the proportion of gas and heavy products decreases. Regardless of organic matter maturity nor conversion degree, the main products of the Bazhenov kerogen transformation are liquid hydrocarbons C 7 –C 10 , the percentage reaches 54% in the maximum of oil generation. • Compositional kinetic spectra for the Bazhenov kerogen decomposition in open system. • Oil content in kerogen transformation products reaches 62% in oil window zone. • Gas and heavy hydrocarbons yield decreases with maturation of the Bazhenov kerogen. • Kinetic data are applicable in petroleum system modeling and EOR optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant (MDR/XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains require new antituberculosis compounds. There was a poor treatment outcome for all patients infected with isolates bearing Rv0678 or atpE mutations, regardless of their presence, dominance or putative effect on the protein structure. In four other patients, Rv0678 or atpE mutations emerged during bedaquiline treatment and followed different microevolutionary trajectories (patients 8, 3, 9 and 5 in Fig. [Extracted from the article]