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In order to increase the efficiency of food production, micro-organisms are used whose genetic material has been modified by directed mutagenesis or by transgenesis. Such products belong to a new type of products, the mandatory condition for the use of which is to confirm its safety when used in food. The aim of the article - justification of the need to improve the system for assessing the safety of foods obtained by microbial synthesis. Material and methods . The analysis and generalization of current scientific researches published in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, RSCI, as well as national and international regulatory and legislative documents have been carried out. Results and discussion . The analysis of scientific data, legislative and regulatory documents of international legislation, the European Union, as well as other economically developed countries, has shown that a mandatory element of assessing the possibility of safe use of food produced by microbial synthesis is the study of the sequence of transgenic insert nucleotides in the producer strain in order to analyze the presence of pathogenicity determinants, antibiotic resistance, and the ability to produce toxic metabolites. The data obtained in vitro on the absence of risks of using both producer strains and the enzyme preparations and other ingredients synthesized by them in the food industry should be confirmed in experiments in vivo. Currently, the need to comply with these requirements, as well as the main criteria for assessing the risks of such food, are mainly provided by legislation and regulations of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the system of sanitary and hygienic assessment of the safety of producer strains and food ingredients produced by them needs to be updated., Competing Interests: The authors declare no overt and potential conflict of interest related to the publication of this article., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)