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This study investigates the time–frequency nexus of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with economic growth, nonrenewable (i.e., coal, natural gas, and oil), and renewable (i.e., hydro and geothermal) energy consumption. In this context, BRICS countries (namely, Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa), which are leading emerging countries, are included, and quarterly data from 1990/Q1 to 2019/Q4 is used. The study employs the wavelet coherence (WC) approach to explore the co-movement between the variables at different frequencies. The empirical results show that (i) there is a strong and positive co-movement between CO2 emission and economic growth; however, it is weak for Russia and South Africa in the medium and long-term; (ii) coal energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emission for all BRICS countries; (iii) natural gas energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in Brazil, India, and China; however, it is weakly and positively co-moved in Russia and South Africa; (iv) oil energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in Brazil, India, and China; however, it changes a bit for Russia and South Africa; (v) hydro energy consumption is weakly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in general, whereas country-based results vary; (vi) geothermal energy consumption is also similar to hydro energy consumption. Thus, the WC results highlight the strong co-movement of economic growth and nonrenewable energy consumption with CO2 emissions, whereas renewable energy consumption has a relatively lower co-movement. Based on the results, policy implications are also discussed for BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas has returned to prominence in the agenda of European countries since the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in 2022. However, natural gas is a fossil source with severe environmental implications. This paper aims to verify the impact of natural gas on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a European panel from 1993 to 2018 for sixteen countries. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model in the form of an unrestricted error correction model was used to identify the short-run impacts, the long-run elasticities, and the speed of adjustment of the model. The results indicate that in the short-run, natural gas has a negligible impact on CO2 emissions when faced with oil consumption (6.7 times less), whereas the consumption of renewables and hydroelectric energy proved to be able to decrease the CO2 emissions both in the short- and long-run. The elasticity of oil consumption is lower than the unit, indicating that efficiency gains have been achieved during the process of the energy transition to clean energy sources. If economies use non-renewable energy, governments must continue to prefer natural gas to oil. Renewables and hydroelectric consumption must be used to revert the path of CO2 emissions. Given the unstable scenario that has been caused by the War in Eastern Europe, politicians should focus on accelerating the transition from fossil to renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation stemming from the combustion of conventional energy sources is not only a major factor behind climate change but it also poses an adverse impact on human health. Undoubtedly, fossil fuels are major drivers of economic growth; however, their detrimental environmental impacts are of global concern. In the literature, there is no comprehensive empirical evidence on the linkage between the use of different energy sources and carbon dioxide emissions in the context of Russia, a nation that is ranked third in the list of the top carbon dioxide-emitting global countries. Hence, this paper aims to scrutinize the relationships between oil consumption, natural gas consumption, coal consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions controlling economic growth for Russia over the 1990–2016 period. The findings from the econometric analysis indicate that carbon dioxide emissions in Russia have long-run associations with economic growth and consumption of oil, gas, and coal. The long-run elasticity estimates reveal that economic growth is not directly harming Russia's environmental quality. However, higher oil, gas, and coal consumption degrades environmental quality by boosting the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Russia. In addition, the results from the Granger causality analysis confirm the existence of both long and short-term causal connections among the variables of concern. In line with these findings, several policy recommendations to address the environmental challenges in Russia are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years EU energy policy was strongly affected by a mix of challenges starting with the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal ambitious targets, followed by the outburst of COVID-19 pandemic and lastly by the war in Ukraine. An European Energy Security Strategy was adopted din 2014 based on eight key pillars, followed by Energy Union strategy, adopted in February 2015, built on five closely related and mutually reinforcing dimensions, the first one being energy security, solidarity and trust. Over the past years Energy Union was the subject of six regular progress reports, the last two ones in October 2020 and October 2021, where more attention was paid to energy safety and to the fourth dimension-decarbonising the economy. Due to the energy market liberalization, to energy transition and also to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic an energy crisis burst in EU in 2021, affecting mainly the natural gas and electricity prices and markets. Russia's invasion in Ukraine led to skyrocketed prices of oil and natural gas while revealing the high dependence of EU on fossil fuels imports from Russia. Our paper aims to investigate if the rounds of sanctions can reduce this dependency while finding new sources of supply - a task that is very difficult since the global supply of LNG, coal and oil is quite limited or insufficient. Our research also highlight that there is an urgent need for a new strategic vision at EU and national level to ensure energy security and protect the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an unobserved component model for real GDP, real household consumption, and real investment of an oil-exporting economy. The model decomposes domestic variables' dynamics into permanent and transitory components, accounting for dependence on oil prices in the short and long-run, as well as for the common long-run economic growth and the common cyclical behaviour. Estimated on the Russian macroeconomic variables, the model exhibits a strong dependence on oil prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aims to analyze the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, economic growth, and coal and oil consumption in Brazil, Russia, India, China, Turkey, and South Africa by using the bounds test approach autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) over the period from 1969 to 2011. According to ARDL analysis results, it is determined short-run and long-run relationships among selected variables. Three long-run estimators: ARDL cointegration, dynamic ordinary least squares, and fully modified ordinary least squares are utilized to test the robustness of the estimation results. The Granger causality and the forecast error variance decomposition approaches indicate the evidence of a causal relation between variables. According to empirical results, there are the evidence of a unidirectional Granger causality from real gross domestic product (GDP) to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in analyzed countries, uni-directional causality from coal consumption to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, uni-directional causality from oil consumption to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China, India, Turkey, and South Africa and bi-directional causality in Brazil and Russia. Meanwhile, there is bidirectional causality from GDP to coal consumption, from coal consumption to oil consumption for Brazil, Russia, China, Turkey, and South Africa. India's causality results reveal a bidirectional causality from GDP to coal consumption, oil consumption, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and the results of forecast error variance supported the results of the causality test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian gas market is highly regulated with low user prices of natural gas. In this paper we examine possible impacts of regulatory changes on the demand side of this market. In particular, we consider the effects on Russian energy consumers of increasing the regulated prices of natural gas, and how changes in Russian gas consumption may affect its gas export to Europe. We also examine the importance of Russian pipeline capacity to Europe, as well as impacts of hypothetical changes in Russian gas export behavior. For this purpose we use a detailed numerical model for the energy markets in Europe and Russia—LIBEMOD. Our results suggest that increasing the regulated natural gas prices will have substantial impacts on total consumption of gas in Russia, especially in the electricity sector. The magnitude of gas export to Europe will be significantly affected because more gas becomes available for export. Removal of other market imperfections in the Russian energy markets has smaller impacts on prices and quantities than imposing competitive natural gas prices. More competitive Russian gas export behavior would lead to much higher gas export to Europe, but our results suggest that Russian welfare would drop due to lower gas export prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The causality relationship between economic growth and coal, natural gas and oil consumption was investigated using the ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag bounds) testing approach for the 1980–2011 period in Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey and South Africa. According to long-run and strong causality results, there is bi-directional causality between oil energy consumption and Y for all countries. The long-run causality and strong causality results between coal consumption and economic growth indicated that there is bi-directional causality for China and India. According to long-run causality results and a strong causality result, there are bi-directional causality relationships between NGC (natural gas energy consumption) and Y for Brazil, Russia and Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper discusses modern views of the structure of the main producing plays in the southern Siberian Platform: Riphean, Vendian, and Lower Cambrian. The major zones of oil and gas accumulation have been distinguished. Forecast resources have undergone differentiated expert evaluation, and methods for their development have been recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The peculiarities of the distribution of high-molecular normal alkylbenzenes in Vendian–Cambrian oils of the Siberian Platform were studied according to GC-MS data. A predominance of high-molecular homologues with the odd number of carbon atoms in the molecule has been established. Possible biochemical precursors and the probable mechanism of formation of “odd” monoalkylbenzenes are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the energy efficiency of emerging economies is the core of achieving efficient global development. This paper innovatively applies the slack based DEA to analyze the energy structure and energy-saving potential of BRICS countries in the past three decades. The results of empirical analysis show that, first, Brazil and Russia ranked first and last with the average efficiency of 0.5941 and 0.0921 respectively in the 30-year observation period. Second, the slack variable of each country is very large. For example, in 2018, India needs to reduce 436.17 Mtoe coal consumption, 105.65 Mtoe oil consumption, 25.39 Mtoe natural gas consumption, and 2038.05 million tons of carbon emissions to reach an effective state. Third, the reasons for inefficiency vary from country to country. Brazil, Russia, and India have low levels of energy management and lack of advanced key technologies. China and South Africa are faced with the problems of scale diseconomy and unreasonable resource allocation structure. The research results are helpful to understand the changing trend of energy efficiency and the reasons for low efficiency in BRICS, and can provide a reference for the formulation of scientific development strategy, which has important practical significance. Image 1 • Russia ranks last among the BRICS countries with an average efficiency of 0.0921. • The highest average efficiency is found in Brazil at 0.5941. • Brazil, Russia, and India lack of advanced key technologies. • China and South Africa are facing the problems of diseconomy of scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States is the world's largest oil user, and its changes in oil consumption affect the participating countries in the world oil market. With the process of trade liberation rapidly deepening, better understanding the oil consumption requires to investigate oil footprint. However, the existing U.S. oil consumption researches have been almost monopolized by production-based oil consumption within sovereign geographical boundary. To fill the research gap, trajectory of evolution and key driving factors of oil footprints in the United States, the global biggest oil user, are investigated and analyzed by combining multi-regional input-output model with structural decomposition analysis (MRIO-SDA). The results show that the consumption-based oil footprint has been higher than the production-based, and the gap between the two has increased by 2.68 times in 1995–2011. Meanwhile, the embodied oil import dominates the US consumption-based oil footprints, and its proportion has increased by 10.46% in 1995–2011. The US embodied oil imports are mainly from China, Russia, Canada, and South Korea and dominated by manufacturing sector. The final demand scale is the main reason for the increase of US oil footprint. And the import effect of intermediate products from other economies is a major factor in promoting the increase in embodied oil imports. But this is mainly offset by technique effect. Therefore, the best policy to reduce US oil footprints is to further improve oil efficiency in the US and its major traders. Image 1 • Investigate oil footprint facilitates better understand oil consumption in the globalized world. • The embodied oil import dominates US consumption-based oil footprints, and its proportion continued to increase. • US embodied oil imports are mainly from Canada, China, and Russia, and dominated by manufacturing sector. • The evolution of U.S. oil footprints is decomposed into nine driving factors. • Improving oil efficiency in the US and its major traders to reduce US oil footprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]