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Foreign (especially English) language learning has witnessed growing popularity in Russia over the last decades due to the enormous change in economic, political, legal, and cultural domains in the current period. The increasing need for good English speaking and writing skills put forward a demand for the accurate use of lexical items and grammatical structures by those who study English as a foreign language (EFL). Lexical and grammatical accuracy acquires a crucial importance in reasoning and argumentation. A slapdash word or syntactic construction in the argument structure may submit the listener to a conclusion, which is completely different from what the speaker implied. Such issues may be particularly frustrating in academic, legal, business, medical, and other types of institutional discourse. The rules of Aristotelian logic, underlying the good majority of reasoning structures, are generic. Therefore, it is a certain difference between the two languages, native (Russian) and foreign (English), that makes Russian students of English misinterpret logical chains and use irrelevant lexical items and grammatical constructions.

The species diversity of the floodplain forest communities in the North-East of the Russian Federation was studied on the basis of 177 geobotanical releves conducted in the north of the Koryak Okrug, the North-East of Magadan Oblast, and the southern Chukotka. This work aims at analysing the species and community diversity of the floodplain forests depending on the habitat conditions and their position in the successional series. Geobotanical characteristics of communities in chosenia (Chosenia arbutifolia), Mongolian poplar (Populus suaveolens), willow (Salix udensis, narrow-leaf willow S. schwerinii), and alder (Alnus hirsuta) forests were displayed by dominant-determinant classification. The community diversity of the floodplain forests is represented by 19 associations, grouped into 5 series. The floristic composition and structure of the floodplain forests' communities were characterized, the Shannon and Pielou indices, species richness, species percentage coverage, and layer density were estimated. Compared to the forests of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the floodplain forests of North-East Russia were characterized by low syntaxonomic diversity and represented by floristically poor communities. The structure and dynamics of the floodplain forests' communities are discussed. The indicators of species diversity and evenness were calculated for each of the studied communities. The lowest Shannon index appeared to the pioneer chosenia communities with sparse herb cover, found on recent pebble sediments; the highest index was found for herb-moss poplar forests that occupied the highest elevations of the floodplain. The rest of the associations had intermediate values of the Shannon index. The species diversity tended to increase over the sequence of alluvial succession. The obtained data suggested that the species diversity of communities might increase during succession and depend on habitat floodplain regime and alluvial index decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multisegmental transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (sсTS), affecting spinal neural networks and motor pools of leg muscles, was used to correct treadmill walking in stroke patients. The study involved 15 patients in the recovery period after acute cerebrovascular accidents. A noninvasive spinal neuroprosthesis with a multichannel stimulator and a system for detecting phases of the walking cycle ("Cosima", Russia) was used to activate motor pools of leg flexor muscles in the transfer phase, activation of motor pools of extensor muscles in the stance phase in combination with continuous activation of spinal locomotor networks. Using of sсTS during walking on a treadmill increased the amplitude of movements in the ankle joint and the stride length on the paresis side, as well as a decreased the asymmetry of both legs in the phases of the gait cycle. The clearance of the paretic leg lift increased in 80% of patients. With a combination of continuous and phase-dependent stimulation, the increase in the range of motion in the joints was maximal compared to phase-dependent or only constant stimulation. The obtained data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm of the sсTS modulates the parameters of walking movements in patients with the consequences of cerebral circulation accidents and can be considered as a promising method of motor rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of a shortage of labor and objective patterns of the development of means of production in a number of sectors of agriculture, farmers are increasingly using robotics. Despite the presence of significant positive economic effects, the robotization of agriculture in Russia is carried out at a slow pace and is very uneven. This suggests that the robotization of agriculture is influenced by the socio-economic characteristics and characteristics of the regions. The methods are based on a systematic approach to research and an algebraic approach to modelling, which, in our opinion, is a system of several components. To build models, data on the introduction of robotics in Russian agriculture for 2006–2020 and the socio-economic characteristics of the regions during the period of the most intensive introduction of robots (2013–2017) were used. As a conclusion, it can be noted that the robotization of agriculture in the Russian Federation is at the implementation stage, which is confirmed by a significant spread in the correlation coefficient of robotization indicators and various socio-economic characteristics of the regions, including the share of organizations using the Internet, availability of road infrastructure, the share of the rural population in the regions and a number of other indicators. It is shown that, at this stage of the robotization of agriculture, the most important are the models of the management process, while the priority is the subjective component of decision-making about the introduction of robotics, both at the micro level and at the regional level. We have proposed models that reflect various aspects of the robotization process and three mathematical models for the implementation of the strategy are built, which form a model-triad. Three theorems on the existence of an optimal realization of the strategy are proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate warming in the Russian Arctic over the past 40 years shows a variety of patterns at different locations and time periods. In the second half of the 20th century, the maximum rates of warming were characteristic of the subarctic permafrost regions of Russia. But in the 21st century, the locations of the greatest rates of climate warming moved to the Arctic zone of Russia. It was one of the reasons for a sharp increase in permafrost temperatures, an increase in the depth of seasonal thaw, and the formation of closed taliks. It was found that as a result of climate change, the differences in permafrost temperatures between different cryogenic landscapes in the area of continuous and discontinuous permafrost distribution have decreased, and in the area of sporadic permafrost distribution are now practically absent. The thermal regime of the ground shows dramatic changes everywhere with a pronounced reduction in the depth of zero annual amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the analysis of commercial arbitration reform in Russia. The authors explore the reasons for the reform. The effect of the reform is a switch from extremely liberal regulatory pattern of arbitration to moderately conservative pattern. Pros and cons of the reform as well as relevant court practice are reviewed. Forecasts are made on further development of commercial arbitration in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impairments in spatial processing show themselves not only in gnosis and praxis, but also in the language domain. Such deficit is a characteristic feature of so-called semantic aphasia. The impaired comprehension of semantically reversible constructions in those patients can be explained by a disorder of the common spatial neuropsychological factor grounded in the temporal-parietal-occipital (TPO) regions of the brain. Aims: The aim of the present study was to experimentally test the possibility that individuals with semantic aphasia experience specific difficulties in extracting spatial relations from a linguistic form and rely instead on basic sensorimotor stereotypes to interpret reversible linguistic constructions. Methods & Procedures: Six individuals with semantic aphasia, 12 people with motor aphasia, 12 people with sensory aphasia, and 12 non-brain-damaged individuals performed a sentence–picture matching task; all participants were native speakers of Russian. Two types of reversible sentences were tested, each representing a direct and an inverted word order: prepositional (The boy is putting the bag in the boxvs.The boy is putting in the box the bag) and instrumental (The grandmother is covering the scarf with the hatvs.The grandmother is covering with the hat the scarf). Irreversible sentences (The boy is putting the apple in the bag) served as control stimuli. Outcomes & Results: Each group of participants performed better on irreversible than on reversible sentences. Within reversible sentences, an interaction between word order and construction type was found in individuals with semantic aphasia only. They performed more accurately in prepositional constructions with direct word order and in instrumental constructions with inverted word order—both are related to sensorimotor stereotypes reflecting interaction with objects in the real world. Although no such clear dissociation was found in other aphasia types, correlation analysis revealed the same effect in some participants with motor and sensory aphasia. Conclusions: The findings confirm the importance of situational context for linguistic processing. First, if knowledge of the real world supports the unique interpretation of grammatical markers, it enhances processing in all tested cohorts of participants. Second, people with semantic aphasia consistently use sensorimotor stereotypes to compensate for their linguistic deficits. Since this was also found in some participants with other aphasia types, such a sensorimotor strategy might depend not on the damage to TPO areas as such, but on the intactness and overuse of left premotor regions suggested to be critical for motor and symbolic sequential processing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive sedimentologic analysis of the J2 prospective horizon (Middle–Late Bathonian) in the central West Siberian Basin. Based on the extensive dataset, it was established that structural complexity of this horizon is largely caused by a variety of depositional environments. Sedimentary facies of this horizon pass upward from widespread continental at the base, through deltaic or coastal-continental, to marginal-marine at the top. Change in the paleohypsometry of the study area reflects the distribution of depositional environments, in terms of the proportions of continental, transitional, and marine deposits. The study also shows that facies variability and change in depositional settings can have a significant control on reservoir quality, as well as its vertical and lateral distribution. Using a combination of detailed GDE reconstructions, structure contour mapping on the top and base of the J2 horizon, analyses of well test data, probability of reservoir presence, distribution of average porosity and permeability within different subenvironments, a composite map showing variations in the reservoir effectiveness in the J2 horizon was generated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Means and methods for monitoring the quality of the new Russian radiopharmaceutical preparation, 99mTc-HEDP, for radionuclide diagnosis of bone pathology were developed, along with reagents for its preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the 85th anniversary of publication of the first issue of 'Military Thought,' the military theoretical journal of the Minister of Defense in Russia. Recognition of the oldest printed editions of the Armed Forces; Emphasis on scientific and information support of command and control elements and troops; Components of the military science.

Part One. The history of bankruptcy in Russian law both before and after the 1917 Revolution is the tool used to introduce the reader to this article. During the Soviet period, creditors of enterprises never participated in proceedings for their liquidation. This state of affairs began to change in 1992 with the adoption of the first bankruptcy legislation in the post-Soviet period. However, as reality soon showed to most observers, this was not a successful piece of legislation—at least as regards the needs of liberalized trade and commerce. This prompted the Russian legislator to promulgate new bankruptcy legislation in 1998; in turn, its life span was but a short four years. The reader here will be offered critical comments on the most recent RF Bankruptcy Law dating from 2002 and thoughts on how its provisions compare with those from prior versions of RF laws on insolvency. This will include views on bankruptcy practice in Russian courts the case load of which is growing each year. Part of the growth in application of bankruptcy legislation in Russia is a function of its use by entrepreneurs as a tool to divide up business assets. This has led to the phenomenon of fictitious bankruptcies. Another major problem in the application of bankruptcy legislation in recent years in Russia has been—the authors argue—a failure to take into account the interests of minority shareholders in corporate bankruptcies as well as of those corporate creditors who obligations are secured by collateral. Part Two. Transactions that are declared invalid during bankruptcy proceedings are the subject of this section. This analysis will be made using the approach of classic, continental law to the grounds for declaring a transaction to be invalid. The authors then highlight the logic in applying this institution to the area of bankruptcy. In doing so, the specific features are revealed of voiding transaction in bankruptcy proceedings. In particular, the authors draw the attention of the reader to the criteria under which a transaction concluded by an insolvent debtor is either void (nichtozhnaia) or voidable (osporimaia). They also underscore the necessity of striking a balance between the interests of creditors and those of an insolvent debtor. In this regard, the institute of the invalidity of transactions is examined from the point of view of providing a pro-creditor, pro-debtor, or neutral system in bankruptcy legislation. Part Three. The development of the generic institute of securities in Russia—as a form of debt instrument—is the focal point of this section. The influence of the Pandect system of Russian law on securities is illustrated as is that of politics (that has led to substantial changes in commerce and entrepreneurial activity) and doctrine. The authors argue the point that the characteristics of a security—both those seen on a paper document as well as those in an electronic form—can be united into a single, generic concept. The particularities of this concept are of an evidentiary nature. Each security is an evidentiary document that is distinguished (both in paper as well as electronic form) from other documents in the manner in which it can be contested and entered into evidence in judicial proceedings. The contestability of a security depends, in turn, upon the type of security involved and the rights that they confirm (a good, money, income). Arguments are given by the authors of this article in support of the thesis—not uniformly shared by all Russian scholars—that such means of legal defense as vindication is permissible vis-à-vis electronic securities. Yet the authors here also speak of a just (spravedlivyi) balance of the risks between the holder of a security that has lost the legal control (ownership) there over and a bona fide acquirer of such a security. Justice is reached through a determination in substantive law of procedural norms that apportion in a set fashion the burden of proof among interested persons. Lastly, this work also highlights the work of regulating the institute of securities in other CIS jurisdictions. In doing so, the authors point out a few areas in which Russia is lagging behind as concerns the organization of electronic trading in securities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document focuses on key issues of diuretic therapy in CHF from the standpoint of current views on the pathogenesis of edema syndrome, its diagnosis, and characteristics of using diuretics in various clinical situations.

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Introduction: The Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS) is designed for use with individuals who have acquired language impairment following stroke. Our goal was to develop a Russian version of the BCoS (Rus-BCoS) by translating the battery following cultural and linguistic adaptations and establishing preliminary data on its psychometric properties., Method: Fifty patients with left-hemisphere stroke were recruited, of whom 98% were diagnosed with mild to moderate aphasia. To check whether the Rus-BCoS provides stable and consistent scores, internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater types of reliability were determined. Eight participants with stroke and 20 neurologically intact participants were assessed twice. To inspect the discriminative power of the battery, 63 participants without brain impairment were tested with the Rus-BCoS. Additionally, the Russian version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Quantitative Assessment of Speech in Aphasia, and Luria's Neuropsychological Assessment Battery were used to examine convergent validity, sensitivity, and specificity of the Rus-BCoS., Results: The internal consistency as well as test-retest and interrater reliability of the Rus-BCoS satisfied criteria for the research use. Performance on a majority of tasks in the battery correlated significantly with independently validated tests that putatively measure similar cognitive processes. Critically, all patients with aphasia returned nonzero scores in at least one task in all the Rus-BCoS sections, with the exception of the Controlled Attention section where two patients with severe executive control deficits could not perform., Conclusions: The Rus-BCoS shows promise as a comprehensive cognitive screening tool that can be used by clinicians working with Russian-speaking persons experiencing poststroke aphasia after much further validation and development of reliable normative standards. Given a lack of quantitative neuropsychological assessment tools in Russia, however, we contend the Rus-BCoS offers potential benefits to clinicians and patients. However, data from research studies with a broader sample of Russian speakers are needed.

Acquired disorders of writing in the Russian language have been reported for more than a century. The study of these disorders reflects the history of Russian neuropsychology and is dominated by the syndrome approach most notably by the writings of Luria. Indeed, our understanding of acquired dysgraphia in Russian speakers is conceptualized according to the classical approach in Modern Russia. In this review, we describe the classical approach and compare it to the cognitive neuropsychological models of writing disorders that are developed to explain dysgraphia in English and in other Western European languages. We argue that the basic theoretical assumptions of the two approaches - cognitive and classical or syndrome approach - share similarities. It is therefore proposed that identification of acquired cases of dysgraphia in Russian could potentially benefit from taking the cognitive neuropsychological perspective. We also conclude that adopting elements of the syndrome approach would substantially enrich the understanding of acquired dysgraphia since these offer an insight into processes not described in the cognitive neuropsychological approach.

The designing of an integrated information system of a tuberculosis dispensary (TD) has resulted in the construction and introduction of a model that is based on the concept of a uniform patient card, combines information on dispensary registration (DR) and striking off, as well as on the shifting of the TD-attached contingents between different DR groups. The system also contains a logic group that includes formalized descriptions of a tuberculous process. In addition, this model serves to integrate geoinformation technologies, as other information technologies (such as digital image acquisition, postprocessing, storage, and transmission) into its based information systems. This integrated information system permits a real-time quantitative analysis of the basic indices of the tuberculosis epidemic situation, which is necessary while planning tuberculosis-controlling measures, controlling their implementation, and correcting them at all levels.