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This study explores the verification of the contents related to the coverage of the Russo-Ukrainian war during the first year of the conflict. We address the analysis of false information collected from the EDMO database by the Spanish fact-checking organizations: AFP Factual and Comprovem, EFE Verifica, RTVE Verifica, Maldita.es, Newtral and Verificat. Based on the results obtained, a typology has been established to identify the style, format and content of the misinformation under study. In this way, we follow the main trends in the manipulation dynamics that shaped the media coverage of the latest war in European territory. In total, up to 307 verifications by verifiers working in the Spanish context are analyzed. Unlike the hoaxes related to the origin of the coronavirus, in which the preferred format was the text message, in the invasion of Ukraine visual evidence has prevailed in the media coverage of the conflict during the initial phase of the conflict. We will see which are the social networks in which the greatest traffic and viralization of false news is detected, exposing users to manipulative content to a greater extent. Likewise, the potential implementation of a transnational network to combat disinformation in war contexts will be assessed. We will pay special attention to the important role of Spanish fact-checkers both at the European level and in identifying false information, avoiding its dissemination in Latin America. And, finally, we will detect the new challenges that war fact-checking faces, as a result of the evolution of falsification strategies in the construction of the collective narrative about the Russo-Ukrainian war in the post-truth era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war against Ukraine, decided by President Putin in February 2022, stimulated an old controversy: who has the responsibility of the growing tensions, since 1992, between Russia, the United States and Europe? For Moscow, NATO, and behind NATO the USA, by its unjustified expansion, exercised a real and dangerous provocation. For the other side, the expansion of NATO resulted of the fears of Russia's neighbors, fears justified a posteriori by the «neo-imperialism» of Moscow. The Kremlin understands the democratic movements in Georgia, Ukraine etc. as a complot of the West, a war against the «Russian World» and its civilization. The West justified its military interventions against Serbia as «humanitarian», The Russians condemned that as aggression against the Slav and Orthodox brother. The actual war in Ukraine confirms and radicalizes the points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to investigate and improve the academic classification of wars and armed conflicts, taking into account the political, geopolitical, international legal and military features of the illegal invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine and the Russian-Ukrainian war and other conflicts like this. At the same time, different approaches to the typology of wars and armed conflicts are considered, different classification systems are presented, and some of their features and shortcomings are studied. The importance of accurate classification of armed conflicts is extremely important for finding mechanisms for their prevention and termination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wars and armed conflicts have a devastating impact at the economic, social, and individual level. Millions of children and adolescents are forced to bear their disastrous consequences, also in terms of mental health. Their effects are even more complicated when intertwined with those of other disasters such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. To help them face such adverse events, lay adults can be supported by psychoeducational interventions involving simple tools to assist children and adolescents emotionally. Hence, we planned and implemented two public communication campaigns concerning wars to support adult carers such as parents, teachers, educators, psychologists, first responders, and others interested in young people's wellbeing. We developed psychoeducational materials to help children and adolescents cope with negative emotions related to indirect and direct exposure to wars. This study had the objective to identify the content for two pamphlets, testing their comprehensibility, usability, and utility, and monitoring their dissemination. First, based on classifications of coping strategies and on a previous campaign about COVID-19 pandemic, we decided to include in the psychoeducational materials basic information on news about wars and common reactions to wars, respectively; on emotions that might be experienced; and on coping strategies for dealing with negative emotions. For the first pamphlet, we identified the strategies involving 141 adults. They completed an online survey with openended questions concerning ways to help children and adolescents cope with negative emotions associated with the Russia-Ukraine war. For the second pamphlet, we selected the contents based on Psychological First Aid manuals. Through content analyses, we chose 24 strategies. Second, data gathered with 108 adults who had consulted the psychoeducational materials supported their comprehensibility, usability, and utility. Third, we monitored the visibility of the campaigns after the release of the pamphlets, using Google Analytics™ data from the HEMOT® website through which we disseminated them. To conclude, our findings supported the comprehensibility, the usability, and the utility of the two pamphlets, to be disseminated as psychoeducational materials in the early phase of a disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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