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In the summer of 2021, a federal law concerning the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions appeared in the Russian Federation - Federal Law No. 296 dated 02.07.2021 "On Limitation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The law defines the basis of legal regulation of relations in the sphere of activities accompanied by greenhouse gas emissions and carried out on the territory of Russia, as well as on the continental shelf, in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea. The law on limiting greenhouse gas emissions introduces the following concepts: (a) greenhouse gases; (b) climate projects; (c) carbon units; (d) carbon footprint as the total volume of greenhouse gas emissions and their absorption in the course of production/provision of a service. The concept of hydrogen civilization, the foundations of which were laid by the romanticist and pioneer of the Hydrogen Era, Prof. T.N. Vesiroglu, attracts attention of more and more scientists and engineers.The hydrogen civilization will require a significant amount of hydrogen for its implementation. For the current stage of development of civilization, the volume of hydrogen generated annually must be at least 560 million tons. The most interesting is the combination of renewable and environmentally friendly non-renewable energy sources to obtain the universal energy carrier hydrogen (Concept of alternative energy and ecology, A.L. Gusev and T.N. Veziroglu, 2000). In particular, wind-hydrogen energy is of great interest as a promising area of innovation in the field of energy at remote sites. The hydrogen civilization will require a significant amount of hydrogen for its implementation. For the current stage of development of civilization, the volume of hydrogen generated annually must be at least 560 million tons. Wind-hydrogen energy can make a great contribution to the implementation of the hydrogen energy concept. It is important that power supply to remote areas requires significant financial costs, and wind energy in this regard is the optimal solution. Thus, the cost of 1 km of power line can range from 20 to 50,000 euros. For remote sites, the cost of creating such a line, as well as the cost of its maintenance in harsh climates, will be extremely high. At the same time, the cost of a wind turbine is equal to the cost of 1 km of power line, and its service life can reach 30 years. However, to optimize the use of wind turbines and wind-hydrogen power plants, it is important to take into account the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere during the production of elements of wind power plants and wind-hydrogen power plants (WPP). The article outlines the main provisions of a new method for determining emissions of pollutants during the life cycle of wind power plants (wind farms) using aggregated indicators. The rationale for the use of aggregated indicators is given. An algorithm is described for determining emissions of pollutants CO 2 eq (carbon dioxide), SO 2 eq (sulfur dioxide) and PO 4 eq (phosphates) during the production of elements of wind turbines and wind farms. The results of calculations of emissions of CO 2 eq, SO 2 eq and PO 4 eq during the life cycle for onshore wind farms (Cossack wind farm and Arkhangelsk wind farm) with an installed capacity of 100 and 340 MW are presented and the environmental effect of their use is determined. Calculated emissions of pollutants, which can be prevented when choosing the wind farms as power sources and determined the environmental effect of their use when comparing with thermal power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a steady trend in the world to increase the share of distributed generation. The volume of self-generated energy commissioning is constantly growing, with projected increases in growth rates in the future. At the same time, demands for efficiency and environmental safety in new power plants are constantly increasing. In this regard, one of the promising areas for the development of distributed energy is the transition to small nuclear power plants (SNPPs). As in the case of wind and solar power plants, SNPP operations are not accompanied by emissions of toxic substances or greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In addition, SNPPs consume a much smaller volume and mass of fuel compared to conventional small-capacity fossil fuel power plants. This paper describes the characteristics of the main types of distributed generation. The key technical and economic characteristics of existing and prospective small-capacity nuclear fuel facilities are systematized. The results of a comparative analysis of the cost of electricity produced by SNPPs and competing power plants are also presented. In addition, a number of promising regions of the Russian Federation for the introduction of SNPPS have been identified, and a review of the methods of energy storage for SNPPS, which are necessary when working in an isolated power system, has been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgency of developing renewable power generation in Russia is associated with the presence of a large number of regions with a low degree of electrification. More than two-thirds of the territory of Russia is located in the area of decentralized power supply, where the main source of energy is imported diesel fuel or associated gas from local fields. At present, one of the directions for the development of renewable power generation in Russia is the implementation of a hybrid power supply system for autonomous power systems of remote regions. However, along with the possibility of using renewable energy sources, it is important for such regions to generate heat from co-generation of diesel power plants, since there is an urgent problem of heat supply for remote regions, especially located in the Far North of Russia. This article presents an analysis of the influence of using renewable energy sources in autonomous power systems on co-generation of diesel power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]