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Spintherobolus papilliferus is an endangered characid endemic of the Atlantic Rainforest, known from sparse locations in the upper rio Tietê basin around the metropolitan area of São Paulo city, and from an affluent of rio Itapanhaú, a coastal stream in Bertioga, São Paulo State. In 2020, S. papilliferus was sampled from the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin in Juquitiba, São Paulo State, representing a new distributional record. We compared 17 morphometric and six meristic characters from all specimens with data from the rios Tietê and Itapanhaú. An overlap in the morphological data from the three populations was detected, except for five measure whose values are lower in rio Ribeira de Iguape. MANOVA and LDA revealed that this population differs significantly from the other two, showing shallower body and caudal peduncle, among other features. These morphological differences may be due to environmental selective pressures since rio Ribeira de Iguape drainage is marked by fast waters which can influence the shape of fish bodies over time. DNA-barcoding of all Spintherobolus species corroborate that the rio Ribeira de Iguape population belongs to S. papilliferus. We also present a hypothesis for the disjunct distribution of S. papilliferus involving headwater capture and discuss the implications for the conservation of this endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research carried out a comparison of the Relief Dissection Index (IDR) of the geomorphological map of the state of São Paulo elaborated from analogical techniques, and data obtained in an automated way with the application of the Relief Concentration Index Roughness – ICR (. Visual similarities were observed between the results obtained in the ICR and IDR. However, when carrying out the spatial analysis in a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment, it was observed that the similarities between polygon boundaries are restricted to 36.2%. The comparison indicated 37% of coincident areas, 41% of classifications one class above or below, and 22% of inconsistencies. Regarding the delimitation of morphoscultural subunits, correlations ranging from 67.29 to 92.42% were obtained. For the whole area, the percentage of similarities is 89.15%. The results indicate that the ICR has great potential, however, although it can be used for previous compartmentalization of homogeneous spatial units, it must be complemented with field surveys and qualitative analyzes since the use of morphometric data alone can result in data that do not contemplate the complexities of the physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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