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Background: The region of Al-Baha area of interest is associated with risk factors; yet no research in the literature has explored oral cancer (OC) and its associated social determinants and risk factors in this region. The aim of this study was to access the prevalence of OC in the Al-Baha region and its association with the social determinants and risk factors in this population. Methods: A retrospective cohort hospital-based study was conducted in Al-Baha Region between January 2012 and December 2019. Data collected from all the patients diagnosed with OC were extracted. OC was assessed based on the hospital records, histopathological data, and Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis (TNM) staging aided in cancer assessment. Detailed demographic data associated with OC was collected using semistructured telephonic interviews. Risk assessment was reviewed based on population, exposure of interest, and outcome. Results: A total of 19°C patients out of 421 cancer patients were diagnosed. The mean age for OC in males was 59.72 ± 15.83 years and 69.14 ± 5.86 years in females. Oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue was the most with one case of metastasis. The average estimate per day smoking, E-cigarettes, water pipe smoking was 14.55 ± 7.15, 11.15 ± 3.55, and 0.52 ± 4.7, respectively, with males’ habits more than females. These contributes to the risk factors associated with socioeconomic factors. Conclusions: Al Baha region experiences different socioeconomic determinants with a lower prevalence of OC. The risk of OC is associated with various adverse oral habits, which can be prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between water pipe and cigarette smoking and the prevalence and severity of vertical periodontal bone defects.Material and Methods: A study sample of 355 individuals in the age range 17 to 60 years was recruited from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Full sets of intra-oral radiographs for each individual were assessed with regard to the presence or absence of vertical bone defects. A vertical defect was defined as an angular resorption of the interdental marginal bone of 2 mm or more at either the mesial or distal aspect of the root.Results: The overall prevalence of vertical defects was 39%, with a specific prevalence of 47% in water pipe smokers, 54% in cigarette smokers, and 23% in non-smokers. The prevalence was significantly elevated in both types of smokers compared with non-smokers (p < 0.001). Expressed as the proportion of sites with vertical defects per person, the severity was 2.6% for water pipe smokers, 2.8% for cigarette smokers, and 1.3% for non-smokers. The association between smoking and severity of vertical defects was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The severity of vertical defects was significantly greater in heavy exposure compared to light exposure smokers in water pipe as well as cigarette smokers (p < 0.001). The relative risk associated with water pipe and cigarette smoking was 2.9-fold and 6.6-fold increased, respectively, compared to non-smoking.Conclusion: The present observations suggest that prevalence and severity of vertical periodontal bone defects are increased in tobacco smokers. The association of vertical bone loss with water pipe smoking is comparable to the association with cigarette smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Water pipe smoking (WPS) is a major health threat leading to higher mortality, morbidity, and incidence of many diseases, such as inflammatory, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; and cancers. This study aimed to determine the differences in the effects of WPS on the immune system, inflammatory markers, lipids, vitamin D, and thyroid hormones in female and male WP smokers, and compared to nonsmokers of both sexes. No other studies showed the differences between female and male WP smokers for the parameters investigated here, with the exception of the lipid profile. Methodology: The study was carried on 76 randomly chosen subjects (17 female and 17 male WP smokers, 21 female and 21 male nonsmokers) living in Saudi Arabia with an age range of 20-35 years. Blood samples were collected to determine the differential complete blood counts; lipid profiles; and C-reactive protein, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and vitamin D concentrations. Results: Results showed no significant differences between female smokers and nonsmokers for all parameters. Male smokers had a significantly lower mean monocytes count and a significantly higher mean red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration compared to male nonsmokers. Comparing females and males among smokers and nonsmokers separately, the only significant difference in the parameters that was not found in both comparisons was a significantly lower mean basophil count in female nonsmokers compared to male nonsmokers. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the effects of WPS were limited to males with immune cells and hematology minimally affected, and that females and males were affected differently by WPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco use among females is a rising public health issue. Further insight into the smoking epidemic can be gained from studying a specific subgroup of interest within the population. Determining predictors of each tobacco smoking type is necessary for planning tobacco specific intervention programmes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ever tobacco use and its associated socio-demographic factors among Saudi female adolescents aged 12 to 19 in Jeddah. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among female students from intermediate and high secondary schools in Jeddah during the academic year 2012-2013. Sampling with probability proportionate to size was used to select a sample of 5,150 students from 40 schools. The data were collected using validated self-administrated questionnaire that required information on tobacco use behaviours and selected socio-demographic characteristics. A total of 5,073 students participated in this study of whom 51.6% were from intermediate grades, and 83.1% from public schools. The prevalence of ever tobacco use was 44.2% (36.2% water pipe and 30.9% cigarettes). The significant predictors of ever tobacco use were student's age, mother's education, family structure, residence location and monthly student's allowance. In conclusion, ever tobacco used is highly prevalent among female adolescents in Jeddah. Designing intervention programmes aimed at preventing Saudi female adolescents from smoking should include all forms of tobacco use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare oral Candida carriage among cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers, electronic cigarette (E-Cig) users, and never-smokers., Methods: Demographic data and information regarding smoking and vaping were collected using a questionnaire. Number of missing teeth and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) were recorded. Oral Candida samples were collected and identified using concentrated oral rinse culture technique and PCR, respectively. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05., Results: Thirty-four cigarette-smokers (Group-1), 33 waterpipe-smokers (Group-2), 30 E-Cig users (Group-3), and 32 never-smokers (Group-4) were included. All were male participants with comparable mean ages. In groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, oral Candida carriage rate was 100%, 100%, 83.3% and 50%, respectively. The most commonly isolated oral yeast species in all groups was C. albicans. C. albicans carriage was significantly higher in groups 1 (p < 0.05), 2 (p < 0.05), and 3 (p < 0.05) than Group-4. Data stratification for age, missing teeth, and UWSFR showed no significant difference in oral yeasts carriage in groups 1, 2, and 3., Conclusions: Oral C. albicans carriage was significantly higher among cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers and E-Cig users than never-smokers. No significant differences were identified among groups in the oral carriage of other Candida species., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)