Search

This study provides an empirical analysis of the severity outcomes of injury accidents (i.e., accidents that resulted in an injury-involved outcome) by exploring the possibility of two underlying injury-severity states: the minor-injury state and the ordered injury state. The former may reflect the generation mechanism of slight-injury accidents with limited potential to result in more severe injury outcomes, whereas, the latter may represent slight-injury accidents that share similarities with the mechanism of the more severe outcomes, in terms of their occurrence circumstances. To account for the possible presence of these two underlying regimes, a zero-inflated hierarchical ordered probit model with correlated disturbances is estimated using injury-severity data from single-vehicle accidents occurred in Scotland, UK between 2016 and 2017. The results of the empirical analysis provide statistical evidence on the possible presence of underlying states, with the identified effect of traditional driver-, vehicle-, roadway- and accident-specific determinants revealing the nuances and structural differences of such injury-severity states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an empirical analysis of the severity outcomes of injury accidents (i.e., accidents that resulted in an injury-involved outcome) by exploring the possibility of two underlying injury-severity states: the minor-injury state and the ordered injury state. The former may reflect the generation mechanism of slight-injury accidents with limited potential to result in more severe injury outcomes, whereas, the latter may represent slight-injury accidents that share similarities with the mechanism of the more severe outcomes, in terms of their occurrence circumstances. To account for the possible presence of these two underlying regimes, a zero-inflated hierarchical ordered probit model with correlated disturbances is estimated using injury-severity data from single-vehicle accidents occurred in Scotland, UK between 2016 and 2017. The results of the empirical analysis provide statistical evidence on the possible presence of underlying states, with the identified effect of traditional driver-, vehicle-, roadway- and accident-specific determinants revealing the nuances and structural differences of such injury-severity states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The City of Edinburgh in Scotland in the UK had advanced plans for a congestion charging scheme until 25 February 2005. However, these plans were abandoned at that time after a referendum that resulted in a 'no vote'. This paper explains the origins of the scheme, outlines its nature, extent, charging technology and predicted effect; it also analyses the difficulties that exist when attempting to plan and implement such a scheme in a particular governance context, and when there is little unanimity of public opinion about the need for a scheme. As well as the primary documentation from the proposals (e.g. public inquiry submissions, papers to government), the paper also draws upon a series of face-to-face interviews that were undertaken with key stakeholders. It also provides an analysis of press coverage in the local (Edinburgh) and national (Scottish) newspapers in the run-up to the referendum. These sources explain both the systemic and more local barriers to the scheme's implementation. The paper draws key lessons which are important for authorities considering the implementation of a road user charging scheme, by suggesting how legislative and governance barriers to implementation can be reduced. The lessons are of relevance world wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is a demonstrable link between parking availability, price and mode choice, and parking policy has been shown to be a powerful demand management tool. Parking however is clearly an area of policy conflict since using it to manage demand may reduce revenue generation, or (be perceived to) damage the local economy. In terms of on-street and off-street parking there are a wide range of users who often have conflicting opinions, which have to be taken into account in its management, invariably leading to parking policies and measures that do not maximise the demand management potential of parking. This paper presents a range of public and business opinion data, from the case study of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, collected as part of the consultation for its parking strategy in 2005–2006. The strategy covers a wider geographical area than simply the city centre, and whilst this paper makes reference to this wider area it primarily deals with the city centre since that is where the majority of the parking strategy issues are to be found. After setting the policy and political context, the paper goes on to present these data. It then shows how the city''s parking policies were changed in response to the consultation. These policy changes are compared with parking policies that would solely manage travel demand, to demonstrate how the political process leads to compromise in the formulation of parking policies and measures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In February 2005 residents of Edinburgh in Scotland, UK, were given the opportunity to vote in a referendum on the introduction of a road user charging scheme, which had been in development for almost a decade. The public voted against the scheme by a ratio of 3:1 and it was consequently abandoned. The objective of this research was to determine the principal factors responsible for the public’s overwhelming opposition to the scheme. A postal self‐completion questionnaire was distributed to 1300 randomly selected households along a transect from central to south Edinburgh. The 368 completed questionnaires returned were analysed to assess the influence of several factors on the way respondents voted in the referendum. Car use was shown to be the principal determinant of voting behaviour, with car owners strongly opposing the scheme and non‐car owners only weakly supporting it. The public’s limited understanding of the scheme increased the strength of the opposing vote. Further, the public were largely unconvinced that the scheme would have achieved its dual objectives of reducing congestion and improving public transport. The findings suggest that more attention should have been paid to designing a simpler, more easily communicated scheme and convincing residents, particularly public transport users, of its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the inter-relationship between on-street parking and choice of mode for journeys to work in the Scottish city of Edinburgh. This city is typical of many in that its centre has significant on-street parking controls but, beyond a radius of 1 to 1 1/2 miles (1.5 to 2.5?km) from the centre, there are no controls and commuter parking on-street is commonplace. The article reviews the relevant literature, and then considers the results of a survey undertaken of Edinburgh city centre employees in order to ascertain their parking habits and likely response to the extension of existing on-street parking controls. The article concludes that the results are transferable to other cities but that the scale of the impacts in each will be related to site specific factors, particularly the demand for residential parking space on-street in areas close to the city centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent changes in UK transport policy have seen the introduction of more generous concessionary travel for elderly people on local buses. However, the increase in patronage that these changes may bring masks another significant influence on elderly people’s bus use: changing car ownership. Using data from Scotland and the UK more generally, this paper provides an analysis of likely changes in bus use by elderly people over the next 13 years, showing that numbers of total trips would be likely to remain constant in the absence of scheme changes, in spite of a 19% increase in the total number of elderly people. The influence of such changes on the economics of bus operation more generally are then discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT Recent concerns surrounding the growth of mobility and associated increases in journey length and number of motorised journeys for an increasingly diverse pattern of trips have placed demands on the planning system in terms of the need to consider the land use-transport interaction. This paper first provides a review of relevant national planning policy in Scotland in particular. It then goes on to report findings from a recent survey which highlights the attitudes held by Scottish planning professionals to managing transport demand through land-use planning. The paper outlines the trade-offs encountered in practice between competing policy objectives. In Scotland there is no planning guidance equivalent to Planning Policy Guidance Note 13, which applies to England and Wales, around which there has been much debate on its impact on development control decisions and planning strategy. Draft guidance for Scotland was produced in 1996 for consultation and again in 1998, but at the time of writing has yet to be finalised. The findings from this study are timely in that they enable an assessment of the extent to which the planning system is being used to manage transport demand. Recent local government reorganisation in Scotland has resulted in significant changes to ways in which strategic planning and development control policy are likely to proceed. The paper focuses on the extent to which local authority policy emphasises the need to reduce travel through planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]