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Background: In the United States, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been recommended since 2011 for boys aged 11-12 years, with catch-up vaccination recommended through age 26 years for previously unvaccinated men who have sex with men (MSM).Methods: During 2016-2018, a cross-sectional study enrolled MSM and transgender women aged 18-26 years in Seattle, Washington. Participants submitted self-collected penile swab specimens for HPV genotyping. HPV vaccination history was self-reported. We compared HPV prevalence among vaccinated participants with that in participants with no or unknown vaccination history, using log-binomial regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and confidence intervals.Results: Among 687 participants, 348 (50.7%) self-reported ever receiving ≥1 HPV vaccine dose; the median age at first HPV vaccination was 21 years, and the median age at first sex, 17 years. Overall, the prevalence of penile quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV)-type HPV was similar in vaccinated participants (12.1%) and participants with no or unknown vaccination (15.6%) (adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.69 [95% confidence interval, .47-1.01]). However, the prevalence was significantly lower in participants vaccinated at age ≤18 years than in those with no of unknown vaccination (0.15 [.04-.62]), corresponding to a vaccine effectiveness of 85% against 4vHPV-type HPV.Conclusions: Results suggest that HPV vaccination is effective in preventing penile HPV infections in young MSM when administered at age ≤18 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]