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An accurate local biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission inventory in Shandong Province is crucial for air pollution control in Shandong and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. We estimated the multi-year isoprenoid emissions from natural vegetation in Shandong Province at a spatial resolution of 4 km × 4 km using the MEGAN2.1 model. A new vegetation classification with 23 plant species/types was developed, and emission factors were determined based on the most detailed and localized investigation and statistics. Isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene emissions in 2018 were 325.6, 18.2, and 7.9 Gg (mass of carbon), respectively. β-Pinene, α-pinene, ocimene, farnescene, and caryophyllene were the dominant monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Broadleaf trees contributed the most to total emissions, particularly poplar, which had the highest emission rates. Wheat also had higher emissions owing to its large coverage. Isoprenoid emissions displayed an inverted "U" pattern when plotted against the months and peaked in summer. Emissions were concentrated in the western and southeastern areas with emission intensities of >10 ton/grid, including Dezhou, Liaocheng, and Rizhao cities. During 1981–2018, isoprenoid emissions experienced a rapid increase from 12.0 to 351.7 Gg, at a rate of 11.20 Gg/yr. Isoprene had the highest enhancement rate of 10.72 Gg/yr. The most rapid increase was observed in the northwestern cities Dezhou and Liaocheng, and the southeastern cities Rizhao, at an average rate of >100 kg/yr, even >500 kg/yr in some areas. The high emissions and their continued increase should be considered when studying the prevention and control of regional air pollution and making policies in China. • Multi-year isoprenoid emission inventory at high resolution in Shandong is studied. • Shandong has biogenic isoprenoid emissions of 351.7 GgC. • Rapid enhancements of isoprenoid emissions during 1981–2018 are estimated. • Isoprenoid emissions increase at an average rate of 11.2 GgC/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To characterize the anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , VOCs, NO x , SO 2 , and CO) in Shandong Province, eastern China, the high-resolution emission inventories were developed using the "bottom-up" methodology. The emission sources were categorized to biomass burning, dust, fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, solvent utilization, waste disposal, and on-road vehicles, with five-level classification and 399 subclasses. Emission factors were collected from China's guidelines on the emissions of atmospheric pollutants and literatures with local measurements. Particularly, those for on-road vehicles were calculated by COPERT v5. The county-level activity data were obtained from the governmental statistics. Results showed that the estimated anthropogenic emissions of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , VOCs, NO x , SO 2 , and CO in Shandong Province in 2016 were 5136.8, 5685.4, 3257.1, 1430.6, 240.6, and 19618.8 kt, respectively. The main emission source of PM 2.5 and PM 10 were dust and it was industrial processes for VOCs and CO. On-road vehicles and fossil fuel combustion contributed the most to NO x and SO 2 emissions, respectively. The composition of emissions by sources for each pollutant differed among cities. Emissions in Shandong displayed remarkable spatial variations, with the highest in the central, southern, and coastal areas. This study could be expected to supply sufficient information and basic data for formulating effective environmental management policies and further improving the air quality in Shandong Province and even in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. • Emission sources are categorized with five-level classification and 399 subclasses. • The composition of emissions by sources for each pollutant differ among cities. • Emissions display spatial variation, highest in central, southern, and coastal areas. • Industrial process and vehicle contribute most to VOC and NO x emission, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]