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Objective: To evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix globosa isolated from Shandong, China, and compare the differences of antifungal activity in vitro between yeast and mycelial phases. Methods: The in vitro sensitivity of mycelium phase and yeast phase of Sporothrix globosa to anidulafungin, micafungin, caspofungin, 5‐flucytosine, posaconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B was tested by Sensititre™ YeastOne™. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of mycelium phase and yeast phase were calculated. SPSS 19.0 software was used to conduct non‐parametric rank sum test for MIC values, and P <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mycelium phase and yeast phase were the most sensitive to itraconazole and the least sensitive to fluconazole. The yeast phase of the same strain was more sensitive to itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, micafungin, anidulafungin, caspofungin and 5‐fluorouracil, compared with the mycelium (P <.05). However, fluconazole and amphotericin B had no significant difference in mycelium phase and yeast phase. Conclusions: Itraconazole is the most active antifungal agent in vitro against S globosa. The yeast phase of the same strain is more sensitive than that of the mycelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Early diagnosis remains the primary goal for leprosy management programs. This study aims to determine whether active surveillance of patients with leprosy and their contact individuals increased identification of latent leprosy cases in the low-endemic areas. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out between October 2014 and August 2016 in 21 counties throughout Shandong Province. The survey was conducted among patients with leprosy released from treatment (RFT) and their contacts from both household and neighbors. Results: A total of 2,210 RFT patients and 9,742 contacts comprising 7877 household contacts (HHCs), including 5,844 genetic related family members (GRFMs) and 2033 non-genetic related family members and 1,865 contacts living in neighboring houses (neighbor contacts, NCs), were recruited. Among identified individuals, one relapsed and 13 were newly diagnosed, giving a detection rate of 0.12%, corresponding to 120 times the passive case detection rate. Detection rates were similar for HHCs and NCs (0.114% vs. 0.214%, P = 0.287). Analysis of the family history of leprosy patients revealed clustering of newly diagnosed cases and association with residential coordinates of previously-diagnosed multibacillary leprosy cases. Conclusion: Active case-finding programs are feasible and contributes to early case detection by tracking HHCs and NCs in low-endemic areas. Author summary: Leprosy has been eliminated as a public health problem in 1994 in Shandong Province. However, the district continues to report a relatively high number of cases of leprosy infection involving deformity. Several studies have shown that individuals in contact with people infected with leprosy are at high risk of developing the disease. Subclinical infections among such individuals are important in the chain of M. leprae transmission. Some hyperendemic areas show growing interest in active case finding (ACF). Recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that high rates of relapsed patients, grade 2 disability (G2D) since 2011, and the extensive family history of leprosy among people in Shandong Province P.R. China, indicate a need to reconsider the current approach to leprosy prevention. Active case finding was conducted in 21 counties of Shandong Province among patients with leprosy released from treatment (RFT) and their contacts. We achieved a detection rate of 0.12%, which was much higher than the rate for passive case finding. Our ACF program confirmed the need to implement this strategy among families and neighbors of RFT patients in historically high-endemic areas of leprosy. The program could reduce the risk of G2D by facilitating early detection and treatment, thereby reducing the disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A few new leprosy cases still can be seen in Shandong province after elimination. In post-elimination era, government commitments dwindled and active case-finding activities were seldom done. Most of the cases were detected by passive modes and advanced cases with longer delay and visible disability were common. Materials and methods: Comprehensive measures including health promotion, personnel training, reward-offering, symptom surveillance and a powerful referral center were implemented in the past decade. The diagnosis of leprosy was mainly based on three cardinal clinical signs. Two-group classification system developed by the WHO was used and cases were classified into multibacillary (MB) type or paucibacillary (PB) type. Cases detected during period 2007–2017 were analyzed and associated factors of grade 2 disability (G2D) were explored. Results: 231 new leprosy cases detected during 2007–2017 were analyzed. The mean age at diagnosis is 51.7±16.0 years and the number of males, peasants, illiterates, MB cases, G2D cases and immigrants were 130(56.3%), 221(95.7%), 73(31.6%), 184(79.7%), 92(39.8%) and 40(17.3%) respectively. 181(78.4%) cases were reported by skin clinics and 152 (65.8%) cases came from formerly high endemic counties/districts. The annual number of new cases showed a decreasing trend, from 42 cases in 2008 to 13 cases in 2017. 92 (39.8%) cases presented with G2D at diagnosis. The annual proportion of new cases with G2D declined from 50% in 2008 to 23% in 2017. PB type (OR = 2.76, 95% CI, 1.43–5.32), >12 months of patient delay (OR = 2.40, 95% CI, 1.38–4.19), >24 months of total delay (OR = 4.35, 95% CI, 2.33–8.11), detected by non skin-clinic (OR = 3.21, 95% CI, 1.68–6.14), known infectious source (OR = 1.77, 95% CI, 1.01–3.12) were associated with G2D. Conclusion: A few scattered cases still can be seen in post-elimination era and some kind of leprosy control program is still necessary. Government commitments including adequate financial security and strong policy support are vital. Comprehensive case-finding measures including health promotion, personnel training, reward-offering, with an emphasis on former high or middle endemic areas, are necessary to improve early presentation of suspected cases and to increase suspicion and encourage participation of all relevant medical staff. Symptom surveillance based on a powerful transfer center may play an important role in the early detection of new cases in post-elimination era. Author summary: After elimination, most of the leprosy cases were detected passively and advanced cases with longer delay and visible disability were common. In the past decade, comprehensive case-finding measures including health promotion, personnel training, reward-offering symptom surveillance and a powerful referral center were implemented successively in Shandong province after the restoration of government commitments. 231 cases detected during 2007–2017 were analyzed and factors associated with G2D were explored. Annual proportion of G2D among new cases showed a declining trend, from 50% in 2008 to 23% in 2017. PB type, longer delay in diagnosis, detected by other than skin-clinics and known infectious sources were associated with G2D. Even in late phase of leprosy control, some kind of leprosy control program is still necessary. Comprehensive case-finding measures based on government commitments would be beneficial to improve early detection of leprosy cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]