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Comorbidity in mental disorders is prevalent among adolescents, with evidence suggesting a general psychopathology factor ("p" factor) that reflects shared mechanisms across different disorders. However, the association between the "p" factor and protective factors remains understudied. The current study aimed to explore the "p" factor, and its associations with psycho-social functioning, in Chinese adolescents. 2052 students, aged 9–17, were recruited from primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, China. Multiple rating scales were used to assess psychological symptoms and psycho-social functioning. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the fit of models involving different psychopathology domains such as externalizing, internalizing, and the "p" factor. Subsequently, structural equation models were used to explore associations between the extracted factors and psycho-social functioning, including emotion regulation, mindful attention awareness, self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience, and perceived support. The bi-factor model demonstrated a good fit, with a "p" factor accounting for 46 % of symptom variation, indicating that the psychological symptoms of Chinese adolescents could be explained by internalizing, externalizing, and the "p" factor. Psychologically, a higher "p" was positively correlated with emotion suppression and negatively correlated with mindful attention awareness, emotion reappraisal, self-esteem, and resilience. Socially, a higher "p" was associated with decreased perceived support. Only common symptoms were included as this study was conducted at school. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design limited our ability to investigate causal relationships. A "p" factor exists among Chinese adolescents. Individuals with higher "p" factor levels were prone to experience lower levels of psycho-social functions. • This study aimed to explore the "p" factor and its associations with psycho-social functioning in Chinese adolescents. • The psychological symptoms of Chinese adolescents could be explained by internalizing, externalizing, and the "p" factor. • Individuals with higher "p" factor levels were prone to experiencing lower psycho-social functioning. • This study highlights the "p" factor's role in protective factors and identifies variables for trans-diagnostic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Chinese adolescents suffer from academic burnout, and parenting stress may be a risk factor. The mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship are less known. This study examines the association between parenting stress and adolescent academic burnout, and tests whether adolescent mental health symptoms such as depression and anxiety symptoms, positive psychological traits such as self-efficacy and resilience mediate this association. A total of 1805 students aged 11 to 14 years and their parents were recruited from three schools in Shanghai, China, using multi-stage convenient cluster sampling. Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Elementary School Student Burnout Scale, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-Chinese, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and General Self-Efficacy Scale were completed by 98.52% of participants. Multivariable regression analysis and structural equation modeling were applied using SAS 9.4 and Mplus 8.3. Parenting stress was positively associated with adolescent academic burnout (β = 0.086, p < 0.001). Adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms (β = 0.046, p < 0.01), self-efficacy and resilience (β = 0.080, p < 0.001) significantly mediated this association with a chain mediating effect of 0.043 (p < 0.001). Adolescent mental health symptoms and positive psychological traits mediated the association between parenting stress and academic burnout. They can be targets for future interventions aiming at reducing academic burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the challenge of simulating rainstorm waterlogging in urban-scale areas where reliable drainage pipe network data are often lacking. Although methods have been developed to tackle this issue, there remains a gap in their effectiveness. We present a novel approach, the modified equivalent infiltration (MEI) method, by building upon the foundation of the Equivalent Infiltration (EI) method. This study focuses on the outer ring area of Shanghai, utilizing data from the "In-Fa" typhoon period for simulation and comparison. Our findings reveal that the MEI method, requiring the same data inputs as the EI method, surpasses its predecessor in both principle and simulation results. Additionally, the MEI method demonstrates robustness in handling rainstorm waterlogging scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital transformation, based on digital technologies, has triggered economic growth in many industries and brought about production and service transformation in the manufacturing sector. As an important source of innovation output and a driving force for national economic development, it is of great significance to study the impact of digital transformation on innovation output in manufacturing companies. This study analyzes the effects of digital transformation on the quality, quantity, and overall innovation output of manufacturing companies from both the macro provincial-level digital transformation and micro enterprise-level digital transformation perspectives. Additionally, using data from manufacturing companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022, this study empirically tests the mechanism through which digital transformation affects innovation output from the perspectives of internal transaction costs and external transaction costs. The results show that digital transformation promotes overall improvement in innovation output of manufacturing companies and leads to improvements in both the quality and quantity of innovation output. Furthermore, the study finds that the effect of digital transformation on innovation output has a nonlinear characteristic under different levels of market competitiveness and market freedom. The mediation analysis reveals that the influence of digital transformation on innovation output can be attributed to the reduction of internal transaction costs and the enhancement of external transaction efficiency. In terms of digital policy formulation, it is necessary to coordinate the development of diverse and innovative digital infrastructure at the macro level with the micro-level ecosystems of enterprises, in order to reduce transaction costs within and outside innovative entities. Ultimately, it is essential for the government to foster a conducive free market environment that enhances transaction efficiency and timely regulates the excessive competition resulting from oligopolistic monopolies, thus maximizing the potential of digital transformation in promoting innovation output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key component in the atmosphere, the increase in water vapor content can aggravate air pollution by promoting hygroscopic growth and secondary formation of aerosols. In this study, water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) profiles retrieved from Raman lidar at night in Shanghai were used to evaluate the accuracy of a maintained microwave radiometer (MWR) and reanalysis datasets (ERA5 from ECMWF and MERRA-2 from NASA). The relative humidity (RH) profiles from radiosonde and reanalysis datasets were used to explore the influence of humidity vertical distributions on aerosol physical properties and secondary formation. There was a large WVMR difference between MWR and Raman lidar, with a mean bias (MB) and a root mean square error (RMSE) being 2.47 g/kg and 3.29 g/kg, respectively. However, the WVMR from ERA5 and MERRA-2 showed excellent agreement (correlation coefficients were both 0.94, N = 11288 and 3619, respectively) with that from Raman lidar and high accuracy especially MERRA-2, which are more suitable for meteorological and climatic applications than MWR. It was found that RH had a significant effect on the vertical distribution of aerosol extinction coefficient (AEC). Aerosol hygroscopic growth caused by high RH resulted in an obvious enhancement of AEC at 355 nm below 610 m in summer. As a good indicator for determining contribution of aerosol secondary formation, large ratios of PM 2.5 to CO (PM 2.5 /CO > 0.08) corresponded to high nitrogen oxidation ratios (NOR), sulfur oxidation ratios (SOR), and also high RH below 800 m during nighttime in winter, suggesting that RH and its vertical distribution played an important role in the aerosol secondary formation. The RH was high in the vertical direction when nitrate and sulfate mainly come from the secondary formation (NOR >0.1 or SOR >0.1), and in contrast to nitrate, the secondary formation for sulfates tended to depend on higher RH (>70%), which indicated that more stringent measures for nitrogen oxides emission reduction should be implemented in Shanghai to reduce the pollution of secondary aerosols in the future. • The water vapor from ERA-2 and MERRA-2 had high accuracy. • The large AEC in summer below 610 m was caused by the aerosol hygroscopic growth. • Secondary formation for aerosol especially sulfate required higher RH below 5 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]