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Background: H type hypertension is defined as homocysteine (Hcy) ≥ 10 μmol/L in combination with primary hypertension. Studies demonstrated that the existence of hyperhomocysteine (HHcy) in hypertensive exacerbates the poor outcome of cardiocerebral incidents. This study was to investigate the current epidemic situation of H type hypertension and determine the risk factors in order to find intervention targets for H type hypertensives.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using cluster sampling design in Shanghai, China from July 2019 and April 2020. 23,652 patients with primary hypertension were enrolled in this study. Their medical information was recorded, and the level of Hcy concentrations and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphisms were detected.Results: In total, 22,731 of 23,652 patients were recorded. The mean age was 68.9 ± 8.6 y and 43% were men. 80.0% of the enrolled patients had H type hypertension. The frequency of allele T was 40.9%, and the proportions of the CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 36.1%, 46.0%, and 17.9%, respectively. Compared with the TT genotype, the plasma Hcy concentration levels were lower in patients with the CC/CT genotype (18.96 ± 13.48 μmol/L vs. 13.62 ± 5.20/14.28 ± 5.36, F = 75.04, p < 0.01). The risk for H type hypertension was higher in elderly people. Men had ~ 5.55-fold odds of H type hypertension compared with women. Patients with CT genotype and TT genotype had ~ 1.36- and ~ 2.76-fold odds of H type hypertension compared with those with CC genotype, respectively. Smoking and diabetes were not significantly associated with H type hypertension.Conclusions: The prevalence of H type hypertension in patients with primary hypertension was 80.0%, which was higher than the 75% found in prior report in China. Age, gender, and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms rather than smoking and diabetes were independently associated with H type hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the price correlation effect between domestic and foreign copper futures contracts. The VAR-BEKK-GARCH (1,1) spillover effect model and the BN-S class non-parametric model based on the jumping perspective are used. The co-integration test shows a long-term equilibrium relationship between the three copper futures markets, and the Granger causality test shows that copper futures contracts have significant two-way spillover effects between different periods in Shanghai for New York copper and unidirectional mean spillover effects for London copper. The BEKK model shows significant bidirectional fluctuation spillover effects between the futures contracts of the Shanghai, London, and New York copper markets before the stock market crash. After the crash, Shanghai and New York copper have significant one-way fluctuation spillover effects on London copper futures contracts. There are jumps within a single market, and the number of joint jumps between markets increases with the significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]