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Since the 1980s, much of the new urban development in China has departed significantly from the traditional pedestrian and bicycle-oriented urban form. This study examines the effects of the urban spatial transformation on travel, based on a travel survey of 1709 individuals from four selected neighbourhoods of Shanghai. Although pedestrian/ cyclist-friendly urban form may not avert the general trend of motorisation growth induced by rising income, it does help to slow down the pace of growth and reduces the need for high levels of motor vehicle ownership. In the pedestrian/cyclist-friendly neighbourhoods, residents travel shorter distances than in other neighbourhoods even though the same modes of travel are used. Pedestrian/cyclist-friendly urban form makes the non-motorised modes feasible options, which is essential to limit automobile dependence. These findings suggest that land use planning and urban design can effectively influence people's mobility demand and travel behaviour towards achieving 'green transport' in urban China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have witnessed the burgeoning development of mass rapid transit around the world. The growing extensiveness and complexity of transit networks have motivated planners and policy analysts to apply the concepts and analytics of network science to improve transit planning and transit impact assessments. Past studies of transit impacts on property values focused predominantly on measuring local access premiums associated with station proximity. Transit network analysis and assessment of transit value impacts have mainly proceeded in parallel. This study incorporates network concepts and analytics into the study of the capitalization of transit access and network effects. The study estimated hierarchical hedonic price models with housing sales data from Shanghai, China, and identified both the access premium associated with station proximity and the network premium generated by transit network effects. Line-level corridor premiums also existed along three of Shanghai's 15 metro lines. With explicit accounting of multilayer transit access premiums, the study offers new empirical insights that inform evidence-based practice and policy-making, including system planning for service optimization, value capture for transit financing, and affordable housing provisions through transit-oriented development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a lack of epidemiological studies on the course and clinical characteristics of Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. This study was undertaken to provide recommendations for clinical B19V infection diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Serum samples of KT recipients were regularly collected and tested for B19V-DNA copies, B19V-IgG/IgM levels, as well as hematological parameters and functions of kidney and liver. The course of B19V infection was described according to the results of serology and DNA testing, and the clinical and epidemiological data were combined for analysis. Results: 75% B19V infections occurred within 2 weeks after KT(n = 9). The infection rate of B19V in KT recipients was high, namely 10.17% (n = 12). The number of 10 patients IgM antibodies against B19V (IgM+) and theDNA B19V (DNA+), whereas 2 patients were IgM negative (IgM-) but DNA+. The B19V infected KT patients showed several symptoms, including anemia (100%), reduction of platelets (8.33%), and damage to liver (75%) and kidney function (16.67%) Patients with progressive anemia in the first two weeks after KT, which combined with the decrease of reticulocytes, are more likely to have B19V infection. Associations of four main therapeutic risk factors for B19V infections in KT patients have been analyzed. B19V infection was associated with use of basiliximab (OR = 1.19; 95%- CI: 1.08-1.32; P = 0.003) and use of thymoglobulins (OR = 0.84; 95%-CI: 0.76-0.93; P = 0.003). Conclusions: Doctors should be alert to B19V infection, especially in the immunodeficient patients within the first two weeks after transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]