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The long-term applications of different fertilizers (chicken manure, swine manure, and organic fertilizer) on the microorganisms of a corn field were investigated. The microbial communities during four periods (seedling, three-leaf, filling and mature periods) were comprehensively studied with molecular biology technology. Results showed that most nutrient contents (organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and levels of several heavy metals (As, Pb, and Cr) in the chicken and swine manures were higher than those in the organic fertilizer. The alpha diversity varied during the long-term fertilization, and the chicken manure was the best fertilizer to maintain the abundance of microorganisms. The microbial community of soil changes over time, regardless of the addition of different fertilizers. The correlations between environmental factors and microbial communities revealed that nutrient substances (available nitrogen, available potassium, and NO3-N) were the most significant characteristics with the chicken and swine manures, while organic matter and nitrogen exhibited similar effects on the microbial structure with the organic fertilizer. The Pearson correlations of environmental factors on genus were significantly different in the organic fertilizer tests compared with the others, and Pseudomonas, Methyloligellaceae, Flavobacterium, and Bacillus showed significant correlations with the organic matter. This study will provide a theoretical basis for improving land productivity and sustainable development in corn fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ecological redline monitoring framework was developed. • 'Space-Sky-Ground' integrated monitoring network was suggested. • New insights on integrating ecological monitoring into management was provided. Ecological monitoring (EM) is a significant scientific topic recognized for its potential for providing basic, but vital, data for ecosystem assessment to address sustainability issues. However, a monitoring framework that can lead to EM information and data being used accurately in ecosystem management and policy design is currently lacking. China's Ecological Redline Policy (ERP), one of the first national policies utilizing multiple ecosystem service assessment, requires strict monitoring to reveal policy effects on ecosystem services regulation. In this study, we developed a transdisciplinary framework to build up the ecological redline monitoring network in Shanghai metropolitan area, using: biodiversity, landscape structure, ecosystem function, and stakeholder opinions. We suggest that standard monitoring be based on remote sensing monitoring, supplemented by ground truth monitoring, to form a standard 'Space-Sky-Ground' integrated monitoring network. We also present key lessons learnt from EM practices in Shanghai. This work provides new insights on integrating EM into ERP implementation and ecosystem management on city scale, by illustrating the science-policy process and ER monitoring standards from initial design to application in policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]